Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
August-2018 Volume 16 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2018 Volume 16 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells by blocking the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor with small interfering RNA

  • Authors:
    • Ke Xiao
    • Zhengxiao Ouyang
    • Hui‑Huan Tang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Gastroduodenal and Pancreatic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China, Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China, Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
  • Pages: 1841-1848
    |
    Published online on: May 30, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8840
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the proliferation and metastasis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells can be suppressed and whether apoptosis can be induced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) repression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). siRNA sequences targeting the VEGF gene were designed and the human hilar cholangiocarcinoma QBC939, HCCC‑9810 and RBE cell lines were transfected with VEGF‑siRNA plasmids for 48 h. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting measured the levels of VEGF‑A, VEGF‑C and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) mRNA expression and protein content. The cell invasion potential was evaluated using the Transwell invasion and migration assay and the MTT assay was employed to detect the proliferation of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells. Flow cytometry was used to quantify cell apoptosis and necrosis. Following the transfection of VEGF‑siRNA, a significant reduction of mRNA and protein levels of VEGF‑A, VEGF‑C and MMP2 was observed in the hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells. The invasion, migration and proliferation of tumor cells were also notably decreased. The rate of tumor cell apoptosis was increased in the VEGF‑siRNA group (15.42%) compared with the non‑siRNA control (2.22%) and the negative control (2.71%) groups. It was concluded that blocking the expression of VEGF via VEGF‑siRNA effectively inhibited the invasion, migration and proliferation, and induced apoptosis in hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells. These observations suggested that targeting VEGF with RNAi may be an effective therapeutic strategy for treating hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

View References

1 

Blechacz B and Gores GJ: Cholangiocarcinoma: Advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Hepatology. 48:308–321. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Ito F, Cho CS, Rikkers LF and Weber SM: Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Current management. Ann Surg. 250:210–218. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Blendis L and Halpern Z: An increasing incidence of cholangiocarcinoma: Why? Gastroenterology. 127:1008–1009. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Shin HR, Oh JK, Masuyer E, Curado MP, Bouvard V, Fang YY, Wiangnon S, Sripa B and Hong ST: Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma: An update focusing on risk factors. Cancer Sci. 101:579–585. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E and Forman D: Global Cancer Statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 61:69–90. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Feige JJ: Tumor angiogenesis: Recent progress and remaining challenges. Bull Cancer. 97:1305–1310. 2010.(In French). PubMed/NCBI

7 

Tang D, Nagano H, Yamamoto H, Wada H, Nakamura M, Kondo M, Ota H, Yoshioka S, Kato H, Damdinsuren B, et al: Angiogenesis in cholangiocellular carcinoma: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-1/2, thrombospondin-1 and clinicopathological significance. Oncol Rep. 15:525–532. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

8 

Thelen A, Scholz A, Weichert W, Wiedenmann B, Neuhaus P, Gessner R, Benckert C and Jonas S: Tumor-associated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis correlate with progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 105:1123–1132. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Halper J: Growth factors as active participants in carcinogenesis: A perspective. Vet Pathol. 47:77–97. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Appelmann I, Liersch R, Kessler T, Mesters RM and Berdel WE: Angiogenesis inhibition in cancer therapy: Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and their receptors: Biological functions and role in malignancy. Recent Results Cancer Res. 180:51–81. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Zhou J and Tang HH: Significance and expression of microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinases 2 in cholangiocarcinoma. Chin J Gen Surg. 12:122–124. 2003.(In Chinese).

12 

Das S, Ladell DS, Podgrabinska S, Ponomarev V, Nagi C, Fallon JT and Skobe M: Vascular endothelial growth factor-C induces lymphangitic carcinomatosis, an extremely aggressive form of lung metastases. Cancer Res. 70:1814–1824. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Achen MG and Stacker SA: Molecular control of lymphatic metastasis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1131:225–234. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Vázquez-Vega S, Contreras-Paredes A, Lizano-Soberón M, Amador-Molina A, García-Carrancá A, Sánchez-Suárez LP and Benítez-Bribiesca L: RNA interference (RNAi) and its therapeutic potential in cancer. Rev Invest Clin. 62:81–90. 2010.(In Spanish). PubMed/NCBI

15 

Farazi TA, Spitzer JI, Morozov P and Tuschl T: miRNAs in human cancer. J Pathol. 223:102–115. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Lares MR, Rossi JJ and Ouellet DL: RNAi and small interfering RNAs in human disease therapeutic applications. Trends Biotechnol. 28:570–579. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Sui G, Soohoo C, Affar el B, Gay F and Shi Y, Forrester WC and Shi Y: A DNA vector based RNAi technology to suppress gene expression in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:5515–5520. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Yu JY, DeRuiter SL and Turner DL: RNA interfering by expression of short interfering RNAs and hairpin RNAs in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:6047–6052. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

McManus MT and Sharp PA: Gene silencing in mammals by small interfering RNAs. Nat Rev Genet. 3:737–747. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Macedo F, Ladeira K, Longatto-Filho A and Martins SF: gastric cancer and angiogenesis: Is VEGF a useful biomarker to assess progression and remission? J Gastric Cancer. 17:1–10. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Chen J, Wu H, Han D and Xie C: Using anti-VEGF McAb and magnetic nanoparticles as double-targeting vector for the radioimmunotherapy of liver cancer. Cancer Lett. 231:169–175. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Queiroga FL, Pires I, Parente M, Gregório H and Lopes CS: COX-2 over-expression correlates with VEGF and tumour angiogenesis in canine mammary cancer. Vet J. 189:77–82. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Botelho F, Pina F and Lunet N: VEGF and prostatic cancer: A systematic review. Eur J Cancer Prev. 19:385–392. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Eibl G, Bruemmer D, Okada Y, Duffy JP, Law RE, Reber HA and Hines OJ: PGE (2) is generated by specific COX-2 activity and increases VEGF production in COX-2-expressing human pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 306:887–897. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Shah MA: The development of bevacizumab in noncolorectal gastrointestinal malignancies: Gastroesophageal, pancreatic, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 12:239–246. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Bhardwaj A, Kaur J, Wuest F and Knaus EE: Fluorophore-labeled cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for the imaging of cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression in cancer: Synthesis and biological studies. ChemMedChem. 9:109–116, 240. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Mansour JC, Aloia TA, Crane CH, Heimbach JK, Nagino M and Vauthey JN: Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford). 17:691–699. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Tsao JI, Nimura Y, Kamiya J, Hayakawa N, Kondo S, Nagino M, Miyachi M, Kanai M, Uesaka K, Oda K, et al: Management of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Comparison of an American and a Japanese experience. Ann Surg. 232:166–174. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

McCaffrey AP, Meuse L, Pham TT, Conklin DS, Hannon GJ and Kay MA: RNA interference in adult mice. Nature. 418:38–39. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Petrocca F and Lieberman J: Promise and challenge of RNA interference-based therapy for cancer. J Clin Oncol. 29:747–754. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Addepalli MK, Ray KB, Kumar B, Ramnath RL, Chile S and Rao H: RNAi-mediated knockdown of AURKB and EGFR shows enhanced therapeutic efficacy in prostate tumor regression. Gene Ther. 17:352–359. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Cuevas EP, Escribano O, Monserrat J, Martínez-Botas J, Sánchez MG, Chiloeches A, Hernández-Breijo B, Sánchez-Alonso V, Román ID, Fernández-Moreno MD and Guijarro LG: RNAi-mediated silencing of insulin receptor substrate-4 enhances actinomycin D- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced cell death in hepatocarcinoma cancer cell lines. J Cell Biochem. 108:1292–1301. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Varnholt H: The role of microRNAs in primary liver cancer. Ann Hepatol. 7:104–113. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Holash J, Davis S, Papadopoulos N, Croll SD, Ho L, Russell M, Boland P, Leidich R, Hylton D, Burova E, et al: VEGF-Trap: A VEGF blocker with potent antitumor effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:11393–11398. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Ylä-Herttuala S: Gene therapy with vascular endothelial growth factors. Biochem Soc Trans. 37:1198–1200. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Grünewald FS, Prota AE, Giese A and Ballmer-Hofer K: Structure-function analysis of VEGF receptor activation and the role of coreceptors in angiogenic signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1804:567–580. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Geva R, Prenen H, Topal B, Aerts R, Vannoote J and van Cutsem E: Biologic modulation of chemotherapy in patients with hepatic colorectal metastases: The role of anti-VEGF and anti-EGFR antibodies. J Surg Oncol. 102:937–945. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Vermeulen PB, van Golen KL and Dirix LY: Angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, growth pattern, and tumor emboli in inflammatory breast cancer: A review of the current knowledge. Cancer. 116(Suppl 11): S2748–S2754. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Winder T and Lenz HJ: Vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor signaling pathways as therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 138:2163–2176. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Kluger MS and Colegio OR: Lymphangiogenesis linked to VEGF-C from tumor-associated macrophages: Accomplices to metastasis by cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma? J Invest Dermatol. 131:17–19. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Beeghly-Fadiel A, Shu XO, Lu W, Long J, Cai Q, Xiang YB, Zheng Y, Zhao Z, Gu K, Gao YT and Zheng W: Genetic variation in VEGF family genes and breast cancer risk: A report from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Genetics Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 20:33–41. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Nakatani H, Akimori T, Takezaki Y and Hanazaki K: Vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors in the novel human cell line, HN-Eso-1, established from esophageal spindle cell carcinoma. J Med Invest. 57:232–236. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Park KS, Kim SJ, Kim KH and Kim JC: Clinical characteristics of TIMP2, MMP2, and MMP9 gene polymorphisms in colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 26:391–397. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Overall CM and Dean RA: Degradomics: Systems biology of the protease web. Pleiotropic roles of MMPs in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 25:69–75. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Gialeli C, Theocharis AD and Karamanos NK: Roles of matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression and their pharmacological targeting. FEBS J. 278:16–27. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xiao K, Ouyang Z and Tang HH: Inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells by blocking the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor with small interfering RNA. Oncol Lett 16: 1841-1848, 2018.
APA
Xiao, K., Ouyang, Z., & Tang, H. (2018). Inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells by blocking the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor with small interfering RNA. Oncology Letters, 16, 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8840
MLA
Xiao, K., Ouyang, Z., Tang, H."Inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells by blocking the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor with small interfering RNA". Oncology Letters 16.2 (2018): 1841-1848.
Chicago
Xiao, K., Ouyang, Z., Tang, H."Inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells by blocking the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor with small interfering RNA". Oncology Letters 16, no. 2 (2018): 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8840
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xiao K, Ouyang Z and Tang HH: Inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells by blocking the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor with small interfering RNA. Oncol Lett 16: 1841-1848, 2018.
APA
Xiao, K., Ouyang, Z., & Tang, H. (2018). Inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells by blocking the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor with small interfering RNA. Oncology Letters, 16, 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8840
MLA
Xiao, K., Ouyang, Z., Tang, H."Inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells by blocking the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor with small interfering RNA". Oncology Letters 16.2 (2018): 1841-1848.
Chicago
Xiao, K., Ouyang, Z., Tang, H."Inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells by blocking the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor with small interfering RNA". Oncology Letters 16, no. 2 (2018): 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8840
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team