Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
August-2018 Volume 16 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2018 Volume 16 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Antioxidant activity and leukemia initiation prevention in vitro and in vivo by N‑acetyl‑L‑cysteine

  • Authors:
    • Wen‑Ling Shih
    • Ching‑Dong Chang
    • Hsiu‑Tsu Chen
    • Kuo‑Kuang Fan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Fashion Design and Management, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, R.O.C., Graduate School of Design, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan, R.O.C.
  • Pages: 2046-2052
    |
    Published online on: May 31, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8864
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

N‑acetyl‑L‑cysteine (NAC) is the most abundant water‑soluble component of garlic. No study to date has studied the leukemia prevention ability of NAC in mouse systemic leukemia model. The current study aimed to investigate the leukemia initiation prevention potential of NAC in a mouse model. The cytotoxic concentration of NAC was determined first in HL‑60 cells, and its in vivo activity was studied in a mouse acute myelocytic leukemia model with WEHI‑3 leukemia cells. The results showed that a non‑toxic concentration of NAC efficiently scavenged free‑radicals, lowered lipid peroxidation and reduced DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in a cultured HL‑60 leukemia cell line. NAC also elevated the cellular antioxidant enzyme activity significantly. Furthermore, NAC prevented mouse death induced by injection of murine WEHI‑3 leukemia cells and reduced organ damage, as well as activated antioxidant mechanisms. The results of this study provided strong evidence that NAC may have potential benefits in terms of elevating antioxidant activity and preventing leukemia initiation.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Rivlin RS: Historical perspective on the use of garlic. J Nutr. 131(Suppl 3): 951S–954S. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Orekhov AN and Grünwald J: Effects of garlic on atherosclerosis. Nutrition. 13:656–663. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Milner JA: A historical perspective on garlic and cancer. J Nutr. 131(Suppl 3): 1027S–1031S. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

El-Bayoumy K, Sinha R, Pinto JT and Rivlin RS: Cancer chemoprevention by garlic and garlic-containing sulfur and selenium compounds. J Nutr. 136(Suppl 3): 864S–869S. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Amagase H: Clarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic. J Nutr. 136(3 Suppl): 716S–725S. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Rahman K and Lowe GM: Garlic and cardiovascular disease: A critical review. J Nutr. 136(Suppl 3): 736S–740S. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Cotgreave IA: N-acetylcysteine: Pharmacological considerations and experimental and clinical applications. Adv Pharmacol. 38:205–227. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Dewi ADR, Kusnad J and Shih WL: Comparison of the main bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity from garlic water-soluble and garlic oil. In:. NRLS Conference Proceedings, International Conference on Natural Resources and Life Sciences (2016). KnE Life Sciences. pp. 20–34. 2017

9 

Alfadda AA and Sallam RM: Reactive oxygen species in health and disease. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012:9364862012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Görlach A, Dimova EY, Petry A, Martínez-Ruiz A, Hernansanz-Agustín P, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM and Kietzmann T: Reactive oxygen species, nutrition, hypoxia and diseases: Problems solved? Redox Biol. 6:372–385. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

D'Autréaux B and Toledano MB: ROS as signalling molecules: Mechanisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 8:813–824. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Shadel GS and Horvath TL: Mitochondrial ROS signaling in organismal homeostasis. Cell. 163:560–569. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Prasad S, Gupta SC and Tyagi AK: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cancer: Role of antioxidative nutraceuticals. Cancer Lett. 387:95–105. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Young IS and Woodside JV: Antioxidants in health and disease. J Clin Pathol. 54:176–186. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Vaquero EC, Edderkaoui M, Pandol SJ, Gukovsky I and Gukovskaya AS: Reactive oxygen species produced by NAD(P)H oxidase inhibit apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 279:34643–34654. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Diaz B, Shani G, Pass I, Anderson D, Quintavalle M and Courtneidge SA: Tks5-dependent, nox-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species is necessary for invadopodia formation. Sci Signal. 2:ra532009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Sayin VI, Ibrahim MX, Larsson E, Nilsson JA, Lindahl P and Bergo MO: Antioxidants accelerate lung cancer progression in mice. Sci Transl Med. 6:221ra152014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Le Gal K, Ibrahim MX, Wiel C, Sayin VI, Akula MK, Karlsson C, Dalin MG, Akyürek LM, Lindahl P3, Nilsson J and Bergo MO: Antioxidants can increase melanoma metastasis in mice. Sci Transl Med. 7:308re82015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Diao QX, Zhang JZ, Zhao T, Xue F, Gao F, Ma SM and Wang Y: Vitamin E promotes breast cancer cell proliferation by reducing ROS production and p53 expression. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 20:2710–2717. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

20 

Siegel RL, Miller KD and Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 66:7–30. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Bhatia S and Neglia JP: Epidemiology of childhood acute myelogenous leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 17:94–100. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Kavanagh S, Murphy T, Law A, Yehudai D, Ho JM, Chan S and Schimmer AD: Emerging therapies for acute myeloid leukemia: translating biology into the clinic. JCI Insight. 2(pii): 956792017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Saygin C and Carraway HE: Emerging therapies for acute myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol. 10:932017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Chen M, Hough AM and Lawrence TS: The role of p53 in gemcitabine-mediated cytotoxicity and radiosensitization. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 45:369–374. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Monge-Fuentes V, Muehlmann LA, Longo JP, Silva JR, Fascineli ML, de Souza P, Faria F, Degterev IA, Rodriguez A, Carneiro FP, et al: Photodynamic therapy mediated by acai oil (Euterpe oleracea Martius) in nanoemulsion: A potential treatment for melanoma. J Photochem Photobiol B. 166:301–310. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Dringen R: Metabolism and functions of glutathione in brain. Prog Neurobiol. 62:649–671. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Rawendra RD, Lin PY, Chang CD, Hsu JL, Huang TC and Shih WL: Potentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cell differentiation and prevention of leukemia development in mice by oleanolic acid. Anticancer Res. 35:6583–6590. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Rocksén D, Lilliehöök B, Larsson R, Johansson T and Bucht A: Differential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of dexamethasone and N-acetylcysteine in endotoxin-induced lung inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol. 122:249–256. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Hacimuftuoglu A, Handy CR, Goettl VM, Lin CG, Dane S and Stephens RL Jr: Antioxidants attenuate multiple phases of formalin-induced nociceptive response in mice. Behav Brain Res. 173:211–216. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Su CC, Yang JS, Lin SY, Lu HF, Lin SS, Chang YH, Huang WW, Li YC, Chang SJ and Chung JG: Curcumin inhibits WEHI-3 leukemia cells in BALB/c mice in vivo. In Vivo. 22:63–68. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Chang YH, Yang JS, Yang JL, Wu CL, Chang SJ, Lu KW, Lin JJ, Hsia TC, Lin YT, Ho CC, et al: Ganoderma lucidum extracts inhibited leukemia WEHI-3 cells in BALB/c mice and promoted an immune response in vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 73:2589–2594. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Yang CS, Wang ZY and Hong JY: Inhibition of tumorigenesis by chemicals from garlic and tea. Adv Exp Med Biol. 354:113–122. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Salman H, Bergman M, Bessler H, Punsky I and Djaldetti M: Effect of a garlic derivative (alliin) on peripheral blood cell immune responses. Int J Immunopharmacol. 21:589–597. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Bordia A, Verma SK and Srivastava KC: Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in humans: A study in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 55:201–205. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Hall A, Troupin A, Londono-Renteria B and Colpitts TM: Garlic organosulfur compounds reduce inflammation and oxidative stress during dengue virus infection. Viruses. 9(pii): E1592017. View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Ho SC and Su MS: Evaluating the anti-neuroinflammatory capacity of raw and steamed garlic as well as five organosulfur compounds. Molecules. 19:17697–17714. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Trio PZ, You S, He X, He J, Sakao K and Hou DX: Chemopreventive functions and molecular mechanisms of garlic organosulfur compounds. Food Funct. 5:833–844. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

You S, Nakanishi E, Kuwata H, Chen J, Nakasone Y, He X, He J, Liu X, Zhang S, Zhang B and Hou DX: Inhibitory effects and molecular mechanisms of garlic organosulfur compounds on the production of inflammatory mediators. Mol Nutr Food Res. 57:2049–2060. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Boonpeng S, Siripongvutikorn S, Sae-Wong C and Sutthirak P: The antioxidant and anti-cadmium toxicity properties of garlic extracts. Food Sci Nutr. 2:792–801. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Rasul Suleria HA, Sadiq Butt M, Muhammad Anjum F, Saeed F, Batool R and Nisar Ahmad A: Aqueous garlic extract and its phytochemical profile; special reference to antioxidant status. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 63:431–439. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Bravi E, Marconi O, Sileoni V, Rollo MR and Perretti G: Antioxidant effects of supercritical fluid garlic extracts in canned artichokes. J Food Sci Technol. 53:3744–3751. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Naji KM, Al-Shaibani ES, Alhadi FA, Al-Soudi SA and D'Souza MR: Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of single clove garlic against CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rabbits. BMC Complement Altern Med. 17:4112017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Petropoulos S, Fernandes Â, Barros L, Ciric A, Sokovic M and Ferreira ICFR: Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of various Greek garlic genotypes. Food Chem. 245:7–12. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Giorgio M, Trinei M, Migliaccio E and Pelicci PG: Hydrogen peroxide: A metabolic by-product or a common mediator of ageing signals? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 8:722–728. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Newman DJ and Cragg GM: Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. J Nat Prod. 79:629–661. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Liou GY and Storz P: Reactive oxygen species in cancer. Free Radic Res. 44:479–496. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Sun SY: N-acetylcysteine, reactive oxygen species and beyond. Cancer Biol Ther. 9:109–110. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

He Q and Na X: The effects and mechanisms of a novel 2-aminosteroid on murine WEHI-3B leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo. Leuk Res. 25:455–461. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Lin JP, Yang JS, Lu CC, Chiang JH, Wu CL, Lin JJ, Lin HL, Yang MD, Liu KC, Chiu TH and Chung JG: Rutin inhibits the proliferation of murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vivo and promotes immune response in vivo. Leuk Res. 33:823–828. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Shih WL, Chang CD, Chen HT and Fan KK: Antioxidant activity and leukemia initiation prevention in vitro and in vivo by N‑acetyl‑L‑cysteine. Oncol Lett 16: 2046-2052, 2018.
APA
Shih, W., Chang, C., Chen, H., & Fan, K. (2018). Antioxidant activity and leukemia initiation prevention in vitro and in vivo by N‑acetyl‑L‑cysteine. Oncology Letters, 16, 2046-2052. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8864
MLA
Shih, W., Chang, C., Chen, H., Fan, K."Antioxidant activity and leukemia initiation prevention in vitro and in vivo by N‑acetyl‑L‑cysteine". Oncology Letters 16.2 (2018): 2046-2052.
Chicago
Shih, W., Chang, C., Chen, H., Fan, K."Antioxidant activity and leukemia initiation prevention in vitro and in vivo by N‑acetyl‑L‑cysteine". Oncology Letters 16, no. 2 (2018): 2046-2052. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8864
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Shih WL, Chang CD, Chen HT and Fan KK: Antioxidant activity and leukemia initiation prevention in vitro and in vivo by N‑acetyl‑L‑cysteine. Oncol Lett 16: 2046-2052, 2018.
APA
Shih, W., Chang, C., Chen, H., & Fan, K. (2018). Antioxidant activity and leukemia initiation prevention in vitro and in vivo by N‑acetyl‑L‑cysteine. Oncology Letters, 16, 2046-2052. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8864
MLA
Shih, W., Chang, C., Chen, H., Fan, K."Antioxidant activity and leukemia initiation prevention in vitro and in vivo by N‑acetyl‑L‑cysteine". Oncology Letters 16.2 (2018): 2046-2052.
Chicago
Shih, W., Chang, C., Chen, H., Fan, K."Antioxidant activity and leukemia initiation prevention in vitro and in vivo by N‑acetyl‑L‑cysteine". Oncology Letters 16, no. 2 (2018): 2046-2052. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8864
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team