nm23, TOP2A and VEGF expression: Potential prognostic biologic factors in peripheral T‑cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified
- Authors:
- Published online on: August 2, 2019 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10703
- Pages: 3803-3810
Abstract
Introduction
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) is a relatively rare disease, accounting for ~6% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) (1); however, it is more common in Asian than in Western countries (2,3). Patients with PTCL-NOS usually present with an aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis with frequent relapses (4). Therefore, a number of immunophenotypical and biological factors have been studied to determine their prognostic and predictive role in PTCL-NOS (4).
The NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 (nm23) gene is an important metastasis suppressor gene, whose downregulation triggers metastatic progression. A number of previous studies have shown that the nm23 protein was expressed at a low level in a variety of metastatic human carcinomas, including laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (5), breast carcinoma (6), hepatocellular carcinoma (7) and gastric carcinoma (8), suggesting that the low expression of nm23 may increase their metastatic potential. The opposite results have been reported in lymphomas. It has been identified that aggressive NHL exhibited significantly higher expression levels of nm23 compared with indolent NHL (9–11). In addition, nm23 overexpression was associated with poor prognosis in aggressive lymphomas, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and PTCL-NOS (9–11).
Nuclear DNA topoisomerase 2-α (TOP2A) is an essential enzyme required for DNA replication and transcription, as it controls and alters the topological states of DNA (12). The overexpression of TOP2A in carcinomas has been shown to be a reliable proliferation marker and to suggest poor prognosis (12–15). The same results were confirmed in mantle cell lymphoma (16), with shorter survival in patients with higher TOP2A.
Interferon regulatory factor 4/multiple myeloma oncogene-1 (MUM-1) is a member of the interferon regulatory factor family of transcriptional factors (17). It is usually expressed in aggressive B-cell lymphomas (17). A recent study suggested that the MUM-1 expression may be associated with poor survival outcomes in patients with PTCL (18).
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important signaling protein belonging to the platelet-derived growth factor family produced by cells that is involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis (19). VEGF may also be beneficial in the development of hematolymphoid cells (20). A number of studies have shown that VEGF overexpression was associated with a worse prognosis and tumor progression in classical Hodgkin and NHL (21,22). It has been reported that elevated VEGF expression levels may be an indicator of biologically aggressive DLBCL (20).
Although the roles of nm23, TOP2A, MUM-1 and VEGF have been investigated in certain types of lymphomas, thus far, to the best of our knowledge, there have been only a limited number of studies on PTCL-NOS. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression of nm23, TOP2A, MUM-1 and VEGF in PTCL-NOS, and evaluate the clinical and prognostic significance.
Materials and methods
Case selection
All cases of T-cell lymphoma diagnosed between November 1999 and October 2011 at the National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Beijing, China) were reviewed. All cases were reclassified according to the 2017 World Health Organization classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues by two experienced hematopathologists using a multi-head microscope (4). When there were different opinions regarding a case, there was discussion until an agreement was reached. A total of 124 cases [88 men and 36 women with a median age of 49 years (range, 4–88 years)] of de novo PTCL-NOS were reassessed following hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining, and included in the study. The corresponding bone marrow aspiration smear and bone marrow biopsy slice, as well as cerebrospinal fluid smear were also reviewed by two experienced pathologists using a multi-head microscope, to identify whether tumor cells were present.
Clinical information, including age at diagnosis, gender, primary site, number and sites of involvement, Ann Arbor stage (23), International Prognostic Index (IPI) score (24), treatment regimens, response to therapy and overall survival (OS), was collected from the patients' medical records. The last follow-up date was November 16, 2017. This was a retrospective study therefore it was exempt from consent, which was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.
Immunohistochemical analysis
All the samples were fixed in 10% formalin at room temperature for 6 to 48 h. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 4 µm paraffin-embedded tissue sections using an autostainer, a Ventana Benchmark XT (Ventana Medical Systems, Inc), according to the manufacturer's protocols. The panel of monoclonal antibodies included nm23 (clone 37.6; cat. no. sc-56928; Genetex Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), TOP2A (clone 3F6; cat. no. MAB9689; Abnova), MUM-1 (clone MUM1p; cat. no. IS644; Agilent Technologies, Inc.) and VEGF (clone A20; cat. no. sc-152; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.). All of these four antibodies were working solution purchased from ZSGB-Bio, Beijing. The temperature for the primary antibody was 37°C and the duration of incubation of VEGF, NM23, and TOP2A was 32 min, and for MUM-1 it was 1 h. The ultraView Universal horseradish peroxidase (HRP) Mutimer (cat. no. 05269806001; Roche Diagnostics) was used as the secondary antibody and the temperature and duration of incubation was 37°C and 8 min, respectively. The blocking reagent was included in the dispenser of HRP Mutimer (<50 µg/ml), in the ultraView Universal DAB Detection kit. The staining reagent used was the ultraView Universal DAB Chromogen (0.2% DAB), DAB H2O2 (0.04% H2O2), DAB Copper (CuSO4 5 g/l), and temperature was 37°C, the duration of staining was 8 min. Positive controls were used, and PBS was used as the negative control, replacing the primary antibody. nm23 and VEGF exhibited cytoplasmic staining, and TOP2A and MUM-1 nuclear staining. The cut-offs for positive nm23, TOP2A, MUM-1 and VEGF expression were ≥30% of tumor cells, as previously reported (9,25). All samples were observed and evaluated by two experienced hematopathologists using a multi-head microscope.
Statistical analysis
OS was calculated from the date of diagnosis to the date of death of the patient from any cause or last follow-up. The one-year OS rate was calculated using the life-table method (26,27). Patient survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox regression analysis. Clinicopathological characteristics of different groups were compared using the Fisher's exact or χ2 tests. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 18.0 software (SPSS, Inc.). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Clinical features
The study group included 88 men and 36 women with a median age of 49 years (range, 4–88 years). A total of 96 (77.4%) patients had extranodal disease at diagnosis and 13 (13.5%) presented with ≥2 extranodal sites of involvement. The extranodal sites involved included bone marrow, central nervous system (CNS), lungs, breasts, liver, spleen, skin, soft tissue, bones, small intestine and nasopharynx. Bone marrow involvement was observed in 10/97 (10.3%) patients assessed. A total of 98 patients underwent cerebrospinal fluid analysis or imaging examination, and tumor cells in cerebrospinal fluid smear were detected in 2 (2.0%) patients. The serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level was elevated in 31/79 (39.2%) patients assessed. A total of 58/104 (55.8%) patients presented with a high Ann Arbor stage (III/IV) disease, and 16/66 (24.2%) had high-intermediate to high IPI score (Table I).
 | Table I.The association between the expression of m23, TOP2A, MUM-1 and VEGF and clinical features in 124 cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified. |
Expression of nm23, TOP2A, MUM-1 and VEGF in PTCL-NOS. nm23, TOP2A and VEGF was performed on 122 samples. The present study indicated that 70/122 (57.4%) cases were positive for nm23, 71/122 (58.2%) cases for TOP2A, 30/119 (25.2%) for MUM-1, and 64/122 (52.5%) for VEGF. Of note, 50/122 cases concurrently expressed nm23, TOP2A and VEGF (Fig. 1).
Association between nm23, TOP2A, MUM-1 or VEGF expression and clinicopathological features of patients with PTCL-NOS
TOP2A positivity in patients that were Ann Arbor stage I–II was 46.7%, which was less than in Ann Arbor stage III–IV (62.1%). However, association analysis by χ2 test did not show any significance (P=0.162). In addition, the concurrent expression of nm23, TOP2A and VEGF in Ann Arbor stages I–II and III–IV were 31.1 and 45.6%, respectively (P=0.157), with no significant difference observed. No statistical association was identified between the nm23, TOP2A, MUM-1, VEGF or concurrent nm23/TOP2A/VEGF expression and any other clinicopathological feature, including age, sex, IPI score and serum LDH level (Table I).
Prognostic analysis
Although 124 patients were enrolled in this study, 37 were lost in follow-up. With a median follow-up of 13.5 months (range, 0.0–199.0 months), 13/87 (14.9%) patients died, most of which (11/13, 84.6%) died within 12 months from diagnosis. The one-year OS rate was 82% calculated by using the life-table method.
The present results showed that high Ann Arbor stage (III/IV) and high-intermediate/high IPI score were associated with a worse OS (P=0.034 and P=0.032; Fig. 2A and B). All other factors were assessed by univariate analysis for their impact on OS. It was found that the nm23, TOP2A and VEGF expression had a negative prognostic effect in patients with PTCL-NOS (Fig. 2C-E). The OS of nm23-, TOP2A- or VEGF-positive patients was significantly shorter than that of nm23-(P=0.012), TOP2A-(P=0.002) or VEGF-negative (P=0.008) patients. However, MUM-1 expression was not associated with the prognosis of the patients with PTCL-NOS (P=0.918) (data not shown). In patients with PTCL-NOS characterized by concurrent nm23/TOP2A/VEGF expression, the OS was significantly worse than that in other patients in this cohort (P=0.002; Fig. 2F). Other variables, including age, sex and serum LDH level were not associated with the OS of patients with PTCL-NOS (data not shown).
Based on the univariate analysis, nm23, TOP2A and VEGF expression, and IPI score were assessed by multivariate Cox regression analysis. The results showed that none of the variables were independent prognostic factors (nm23, P=0.751; TOP2A, P=0.459; VEGF, P=0.245). The concurrent expression of nm23, TOP2A and VEGF, and IPI were also analyzed. It was found that the concurrent expression of nm23, TOP2A and VEGF tended to predict a worse prognosis, however the P-value was borderline [hazard ratio (HR), 1.495; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.993–2.250; P=0.054] (Table II).
| Table II.Multivariate analysis of clinicopathological features predictive of overall survival rate in all patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified. |
Discussion
PTCL-NOS, accounting for 60–70% of T-cell lymphomas, does not conform to known entities of mature T-cell lymphoma in the current classification (4,28). The majority of patients suffering from it are adults, and the male to female ratio is usually 2:1 (4). Similar to previous studies from Western and Asian countries (29–32), the median age at diagnosis of this study's cohort was 49 years, and there was a sex bias with a male to female ratio of 2.4:1.
PTCL-NOS is one of the most aggressive subtypes of NHLs, and it is associated with poor prognosis (4). Patients with PTCL-NOS more often exhibit a high Ann Arbor stage, high IPI score and more extranodal sites of involvement at diagnosis (4,30). As illustrated in the present study, 55.8% of patients had high Ann Arbor stage (III/IV) disease. Furthermore, most patients (77.4%) presented with extranodal sites of involvement, and 13.5% with ≥2 extranodal sites of involvement. It has been reported that the 3-year OS rate of PTCL-NOS was ~40% and the 5-year OS rate was ~30% (33,34). Recently, a small cohort study on a Japanese population with PTCL-NOS reported a 2-year OS rate of 61% (29). In this study, there were 37 patients lost to follow-up. Since a number of the present cases had a short follow-up time (median follow-up, 13.5 months), only the 1-year OS rate was assessed using the life-table method, which was found to be 82%. In addition, 13/87 (14.9%) patients in this cohort succumbed to the disease, most of them (11/13, 84.6%) within 12 months from diagnosis. Therefore, the present results also provided evidence that patients with PTCL-NOS have an aggressive clinical progress, generally consistent with previous reports (35,36). It has been reported that the median time of failure-free survival was only 3.1 months (35), and nearly half of the patients experienced relapse or progression within 6 months after primary therapy (36).
Although many studies evaluating the contribution of clinical and biological factors in influencing the prognosis of PTCL-NOS have been performed, IPI score remains the most commonly used and effective predictive prognostic factor (37,38). In the past few years; however, several studies have demonstrated that IPI score did not effectively predict the prognosis of PTCL-NOS (28,39). Furthermore, it is considered that the IPI score does not provide specific biological insight or potential targets for drug therapy (28). Therefore, various prognostic models of PTCL-NOS have been investigated in previous studies, each of which incorporated different clinical parameters (31,34). Similar to IPI score, these prognostic models also did not include tumor-specific biological factors, and can therefore not be used for targeted therapies (31,34).
nm23, TOP2A, MUM-1 and VEGF are very common markers used to estimate the progression, infiltration and metastasis ability of many malignant tumors, particularly carcinomas (14,40–44). Although their prognostic role in various carcinomas has been widely investigated over time, such as breast (45), pancreatic (12) and renal cell carcinoma (42), to the best of our knowledge, a limited number of have focused on their value in lymphomas.
In the present study, the expression of nm23, TOP2A, MUM-1 and VEGF was examined in 122 cases of PTCL-NOS. The association between their expression and clinicopathological features, as well as their prognostic value, was analyzed. It was found that 57.4% cases were positive for nm23, which was slightly higher than in other studies (9,46). Similar to the nm23 expression, >50% of cases were positive for TOP2A (58.2%) and VEGF (52.5%). Of note, 50/122 (41.0%) cases concurrently expressed nm23, TOP2A and VEGF. This study therefore speculated that there may be an association among them. Further studies are required to illustrate the mechanism of their interactions. No significant difference was observed between the expression of nm23, TOP2A, MUM-1 or VEGF, and clinicopathological characteristics.
Consistent with several previous studies (9,46,47), the univariate analysis results showed that the expression of nm23, TOP2A and VEGF was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with PTCL-NOS. Similarly, concurrent nm23/TOP2A/VEGF expression predicted a worse prognosis for patients with PTCL-NOS. However, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that only concurrent nm23/TOP2A/VEGF expression was usually associated with an inferior outcome in patients with PTCL-NOS, however no significance was observed. Due to the short follow-up time in this cohort, further studies are required.
In conclusion, the present results indicated that the expression of nm23, TOP2A and VEGF could serve as a promising prognostic factor for PTCL-NOS, and could be included in an effective prognostic model for PTCL-NOS. In addition, the development of novel treatments targeting nm23, TOP2A and VEGF is required for patients diagnosed with PTCL-NOS.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
This research was supported by the Capital Clinical Characteristic Application Research (grant no. Z141107002514046) from Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
WH contributed to experiment guidance, data analysis and manuscript writing. ZC and LZ contributed to clinical follow-up and acquisition of clinical data. LG contributed to tissue collection and performing immunohistochemistry staining. XL contributed to immunohistochemistry staining. NL contributed to the study design. XF contributed to coordination, discussion and manuscript editing, and provided data interpretation. All authors commented on the manuscript and have read and approved the final version of this manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was a retrospective study, and the ethics approval of this study was obtained from the Independent Ethics Committee of Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National GCP Center for Anticancer Drugs (approval no. NCC2014ST-08).
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Glossary
Abbreviations
Abbreviations:
|
PTCL-NOS |
peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified |
|
TOP2A |
nuclear DNA topoisomerase 2-α |
|
DLBCL |
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma |
|
MUM-1 |
multiple myeloma oncogene-1 |
|
OS |
overall survival |
|
HR |
hazard ratio |
|
IPI |
International Prognostic Index |
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