Open Access

Multiple primary malignant neoplasms: A case report and literature review

  • Authors:
    • Linwei Zhang
    • Lingxin Feng
    • Hui Cong
    • Zhuang Yu
    • Haocheng Wang
    • Ya Dong
    • Jing Wang
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: August 23, 2019     https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10779
  • Pages: 4210-4220
  • Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Until recently, few cases of three or more malignant tumors in one patient have been reported. Owing to the high incidence rate of these tumors, the improvement in cancer diagnosis and treatment, and the extension of patient survival time, the incidence of reported multiple primary malignant neoplasms has gradually increased. The present study reported the case of a 57‑year‑old man with non‑small cell lung cancer combined with B‑Raf proto‑oncogene serine/threonine kinase V600E mutation, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and lumbar vertebral malignant mucinous sarcoma. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of these three malignancies are discussed and previous studies are also reviewed. The aim of the study was to analyze the genetic mutations associated with multiple primary malignant tumors and to discuss whether those mutations with unknown functional significance could be used as therapeutic indicators. This case report will serve as a reference for future treatment of such patients.

Introduction

The incidence rate for multiple primary malignant neoplasms (MPMNs) is estimated to be between 0.73 and 11.7% (1). MPMNs are defined as two or more unassociated primary malignant tumors that occur in the body synchronously or metachronously (2). Each tumor originates from different tissues and organs, presents as a distinct pathological type and excludes lesions that are secondary or metastatic to other tumors (3). MPMNs can be divided into two categories (3): i) Synchronous, defined as malignancies that occur within 6 months of the diagnosis of a previous malignant neoplasm; and ii) metachronous, defined as malignancies that occur >6 months apart. In a recent study, the risks of developing second primary cancers were higher in cancer survivors compared with the general population with a 3.8% higher incidence of metachronous second primary cancers within a median follow-up time of 2.5 years; furthermore, the estimated 10-year cumulative risk of second primary cancers for patients who were firstly diagnosed with cancer aged between 60 and 69 was as high as 13% (4). Compared with a single primary tumor, MPMNs have increased malignant behavior and a worse prognosis (5).

Case report

A 57-year-old male was admitted to the Chinese People's Liberation Army 401 Hospital (Qingdao, China) with pain in the left upper abdomen in August 1996. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans revealed a 10×9.5×12-cm soft-tissue mass, with heterogeneous density on the greater curvature. A gastric leiomyosarcoma was suspected and thus, the patient underwent resection of the gastric lesion and partial transverse colon on August 21, 1996. Postoperative pathological diagnosis confirmed gastric leiomyosarcoma with low-grade malignancy. After 11 years, in April 2007, an abdominal CT scan was performed due to abdominal pain, which demonstrated a low-density, round, soft-tissue mass located between the liver and stomach. Considering it a recurrent tumor, surgeons performed a resection of the gastric lesion and a left hepatic lobectomy on April 29, 2007. Postoperative pathological diagnosis confirmed it as a low-grade malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). The immunohistochemical results are presented in Fig. 1. In April 2013, the annual routine re-examination revealed disease recurrence again; two large cystic lesions in the abdomen were discovered by a CT scan, one of which was found between the caudate lobe of the liver and the right side of the fundus of the stomach, and the other of which was found on the retroperitoneum. Considering the previous diagnosis of a GIST, the surgeon did not preform a biopsy again before surgery. The patient underwent a total gastrectomy, as well as stern resection of the pancreas, splenectomy, left adrenalectomy and Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy. Following this major surgery, the postoperative reactions of the patient included weight loss and impaired digestive function. The postoperative pathology confirmed GIST and the immunohistochemistry results of the tumor are presented in Fig. 2. The patient was prescribed daily oral imatinib (400 mg) from May 2013. During this period, diarrhea and edema occurred, which spontaneously resolved after 2 months and thus, the dosage of imatinib was not decreased.

The patient was referred to the Qilu Hospital of Shandong University in November 2015 due to pain on the left side of the back. As shown in Fig. 3, there was an irregular lesion measuring 4.2×5.7×6.7 cm between the left transverse process of the 5th lumbar vertebrae (L5) and the sacroiliac joint, partly involving the sacrum and left iliac bone. The CT scan showed heterogeneous enhancement. The patient underwent surgery to remove the lumbar soft tissue tumors on January 11, 2016, and the postoperative pathology indicated malignant ossifying myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) with infiltrating growth and satellite nodules besides the main body of the tumor. The immunohistochemistry results were as follows: Smooth muscle actin positivity, CD34 positivity, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK-4) positivity, p63 negativity, S-100 negativity, glial fibrillary acidic protein negativity, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) negativity, pan-cytokeratin (CKpan) negativity, vimentin (foci) positivity and Ki-67 positivity (1–2%) (Fig. 4). Annual re-examination of CT and magnetic resonance imaging scans after the surgery showed no obvious changes in L5.

On March 6, 2018, a routine CT scan revealed two hypoechoic nodules in the right liver with a bull's-eye configuration. Multiple enlarged lymph nodes were found on the right anterior cervical region through physical examination. A cervical lymph node dissection biopsy was performed, and pathological examination revealed metastatic low-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the right cervical lymph nodes. Immunohistochemistry results showed positivity for EMA, CKpan, cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK19, carcinoembryonic antigen, transcription termination factor 1 (TTF-1) and S-100 (Fig. 5), supporting the hypothesis that the tumor was derived from the lung, and it was classified as adenocarcinoma. When these findings were combined with the results from a positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scan (Fig. 6), pulmonary adenocarcinoma located on the inferior lobe of the right lung and liver metastases were diagnosed. Clinical Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage was shown to be T1bN3Mx. Next-generation sequencing technology (NGS) was used on tissues and revealed positivity for the B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) V600E mutation (Table I). NGS analyses were performed using a long-range PCR-based target enrichment method (LR-PCR-based NGS) (6). Considering the poor physique and intolerance of the patient to chemotherapy, targeted therapy was recommended. The patient was recommended dabrafenib (300 mg/day) and trametinib (2 mg/day) as therapy from April 2018, and no obvious adverse reactions were noted. On June 8, 2018, and August 3, 2018, re-examination of the chest by a CT scan (Fig. 7) revealed significant reduction in the size and number of the nodule in the inferior lobe of the right lung, the multiple pulmonary nodules and the lymph nodes in the mediastinum. According to the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST version 1.1) (7), the evaluation result indicated stable disease (SD). On October 24 2018, re-examination of the upper abdomen by a CT scan (Fig. 8) revealed larger hypoechoic nodules in the right liver compared with those observed on the previous CT scan. This demonstrated disease progression. To evaluate the properties of the intrahepatic lesions, a CT-guided percutaneous liver biopsy was performed on October 29, 2018. Pathological examination revealed invasion of malignant tumor cells in liver tissue. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry results showed positivity for CKpan, CK7, p40, Napsin A part, TTF-1, and negativity for CD117, Dog-1, CD34, hepatocyte antigen, arginase-1 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1; 70%), supporting the hypothesis that the intrahepatic lesions were metastases from lung cancer. Following this, two cycles of chemotherapy, pemetrexed (700 mg, on day 2 every 3 weeks) combined with bevacizumab (400 mg, on day 1 every 3 weeks), were performed. The evaluation of the effect of these cycles of chemotherapy indicated SD according to RECIST version 1.1.

Table I.

Mutation frequency detected by next-generation sequencing technology.

Table I.

Mutation frequency detected by next-generation sequencing technology.

GeneBase mutationAmino acid mutationGene subregionMutation frequency, %
BRAFc.1799T>Ap.V600EEX1527.69
TP53c.811G>Ap.R237HEX824.57
EGFRc.728C>Gp.P234REX625.30
NTRK3c.1685C>Tp.P562LEX1521.64
BTKc.286G>Ap.E96KEX420.83
PDGFRAc.509C>Tp.A170VEX39.12

[i] EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; NTRK3, NT-3 growth factor receptor; BTK, Bruton tyrosine kinase; PDGFRA, platelet-derived growth factor receptor α; TP53, tumor protein p53; BRAF, B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase.

Discussion

MPMNs are defined as the occurrence of two or more primary malignant tumors, each occurring at a different site and not representing extension, recurrence or metastasis (8). According to Warren and Gates (9), if the interval between occurrences is <6 months, the diagnosis is considered to be of synchronous MPMN, and if >6 months, the diagnosis is considered to be a metachronous MPMN (10). The patient in the present case report conformed to the diagnosis of metachronous MPMN for the following reasons: Firstly, the patient suffered from three tumors, namely a GIST, malignant fibrous mucinous sarcoma of the lumbar spine and lung adenocarcinoma. Secondly, the onset time of these three malignant tumors exceeded the cut-off time of 6 months. Finally, the pathological types of these three malignant tumors were different, and showed no recurrence or metastases. The pathogenic factors of MPMNs are unclear, but may be associated with the following factors: i) Endogenous factors such as abnormal development of the embryo, immunity-associated diseases and endocrine diseases affecting carcinogen sensitivity; ii) environmental exposure, including long-term effects of radiation and industrial pollution, and lifestyle; iii) genetic determinants; and iv) iatrogenic effects, particularly radiation therapy and drug therapy (11). There are no currently available standard guidelines for MPMN treatment. Malignancy type, disease stage and the overall health of the patient are each considered (12), and each patient has multidisciplinary individualized treatment.

The patient evaluated in the present case report successively suffered from GIST, MFS and NSCLC. The patient had no immune-associated diseases, no history of exposure to toxic and harmful substances, and the family history revealed that the patient's brother died of lung cancer several years ago. Similarities in gene abnormalities, lifestyle and living environment to the brother may have been associated with the disease status of the patient. Following the diagnosis of NSCLC in 2018, NGS was performed on the tumor tissue, which revealed mutations in tumor protein p53, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), NT-3 growth factor receptor (NTRK3), Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) (Table I). BRAF V600E mutation has clinical significance, and is associated with the occurrence of multiple tumors, including NSCLC and a few non-KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase KIT/PDGFRA-mutated GISTs (13). The mutations in EGFR, NTRK3, BTK and PDGFRA genes are uncommon missense mutations that have ambiguous significance, nevertheless, they are not considered irrelevant to the occurrence of multiple tumors in the patient mentioned in the present case report. Since 2013, the patient was taking oral imatinib for the GIST. Thus, long-term application of targeted drug therapy may also increase the incidence of secondary malignant tumors. In 2002, Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results data indicated that ~16% of all new cancer cases were secondary or higher-order primary cancer in the United States (12).

The BRAF gene is mutated in 1–5% of NSCLC cases and most of these mutations occur in adenocarcinoma (14). BRAF is a member of the RAF family of serine/threonine kinases that mediate signal transduction between RAS and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (15). Once the mutation is activated, the downstream mitogen-actiavted protein kinase (MEK)-extracellular regulated protein kinase signaling pathway is activated continuously, resulting in the excessive proliferation and survival of tumor cells (Fig. 9) (16). The V600E mutation accounts for ~50% of BRAF mutations (14). In a multicenter, single arm, non-randomized phase II study (BRF113928; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01336634) (17), the efficacy of dabrafenib as a monotherapy was compared with that of dabrafenib administered in combination with trametinib. The primary endpoint included the objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), median progression-free survival (PFS) time and overall survival (OS) time of 84 patients treated with oral dabrafenib. Evaluation of these primary endpoints in patients treated with dabrafenib alone revealed the following: ORR, 33%; DCR, 58%; PFS time, 5.5 months; and OS time, 12.7 months. The ORR, DCR and median PFS time of the patients who were treated with dabrafenib and trametinib were 63, 79% and 9.7 months, respectively, and 65% of the patients achieved a PFS time of >6 months (17). Thus, the combination of MEK inhibitors with BRAF inhibitors may demonstrate improved results compared with BRAF inhibitors alone (18). The patient in the present case report was diagnosed with NSCLC harboring a BRAF V600E mutation. The Food and Drug Administration regulations approved dabrafenib and trametinib in combination for treatment of metastatic NSCLC with a BRAF V600E mutation on June 22, 2017 (19), therefore combined dabrafenib and trametinib treatment was administered. At 6 months after the treatment, the lesions in the liver had progressed, which suggested drug resistance. Kim et al (20) recently reported that the expression of PD-L1 was changed in 28% of patients following EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Su et al (21) performed a retrospective analysis, which revealed high PD-L1 expression to be a predictor of a poor response to EGFR-TKI treatment among patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Thus, resistance to the BRAF inhibitor may be associated with the high PD-L1 expression in the patient described in the present case report. A previous study has demonstrated that, in melanoma models, cells resistant to BRAF inhibitors exhibited increased MAPK signaling and PD-L1 expression (22). Moreover, increased expression of markers of T-cell exhaustion and PD-L1 were detected in patients with melanoma following treatment with a BRAF inhibitor. Immunotherapy plays an important role in advanced NSCLC patients with high expression of PD-L1. In a phase II study, the combination of pembrolizumab with carboplatin and pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naïve, advanced non-squamous NSCLCs was evaluated (23). The pembrolizumab combined with chemotherapy group achieved an ORR of 55% in comparison to 29% in the chemotherapy alone group (23). The incidence of grade 3 or worse treatment-related adverse events was similar between the two groups. PFS time was also significantly longer in patients treated with pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy compared with that in patients who received chemotherapy alone (23).

GISTs are known to be the most common type of mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract. From a previous study, the worldwide incidence and prevalence rates were estimated to be between 1 and 1.5 per 100,000 per year and 13 per 100,000 individuals, respectively in 2005 (24). Peixoto et al (25) demonstrated that the stomach was the most frequently involved organ with regard to GISTs, accounting for 64.1% of all cases, and that the lesions were distributed in the fundus (15.5%), body (61.9%) and antrum (22.6%) (25). Other organs that were involved included the small bowel (29.8%), duodenum (30.8%), jejunum (30.8%) and ileum (38.5%). Occasionally, the omentum, mesentery and peritoneum may also be affected. GIST metastases often involved the liver and could present as a primary disease or as recurrence following surgery (26).

A GIST is associated with a mutation in the KIT gene (~80% of cases) or the PDGFRA gene, coding for type III receptor tyrosine kinases (27). Mutations in the PDGFRA gene can be detected in ~10% of GISTs without a KIT gene mutation. The landscape of mutations in PDGFRA mostly occur in exon 18, accounting for >90% of all PDGFRA mutations, and among the patients who do not have a KIT or PDGFRA mutation, 7–15% have now been found to harbor a BRAF V600E mutation (28). The patient evaluated in the present case report had a rare PDGRFA A107V mutation in exon 3, with a mutation frequency of ~9.4%, which was considered as an uncommon pathogenic mutation, according to the review of previous studies. The association of this mutation with the occurrence of GIST or imatinib resistance is worthy of further investigation. GISTs usually differ in size, and this is associated with different degrees of risk: Ultra-low risk, <2 cm; low-risk, 2–5 cm; moderate-risk, 5–10 cm; and high-risk, >10 cm (29). Surgical treatment is the first therapeutic choice and is considered as the only possible cure for GISTs (26). High-risk patients have a high rate of postoperative recurrence and metastasis (up to 55–90%); 80% have a 3–4 local recurrence within 1–2 years of surgery and 50% have liver metastases (30). Imatinib is a KIT/PDGFRA TKI that is mainly used for KIT-positive patients with non-operable, metastatic or recurrent tumors, or as an adjuvant therapy for primary KIT-positive GIST patients (30). In the Scandinavian/German SSG XVIII/AIO trial (31), patients at high risk or with metastasis following R0/R1 resection were divided into two groups. One group was treated with imatinib (400 mg/day) for 3 years and the other group was treated with imatinib (400 mg/day) for 1 year. The median follow-up time was 4.5 years, and the 5-year PFS times for the two groups were 65 and 48%, respectively. PFS and OS times were longer in the 3-year group. Furthermore, treatment with imatinib for 5 years was found to delay recurrence in 90% of patients, whereas treatment for 3 years only delayed recurrence in 66% of patients. The 5-year OS time did not notably differ in the 3-year arm of the SSG XVIII trial when compared with the 5-year arm (95 vs. 92%, respectively). Recurrence of GISTs occurred twice in the patient described in the present case study, following the initial surgery in 1997. As imatinib was listed and included in the medical insurance in China, the patient began to take imatinib (400 mg/day) from May 2013. Regular follow-up with abdominal ultrasound showed no abnormalities. Considering the three recurrences, the patient did not stop the intake of imatinib, and the treatment continued for 5 years.

MFS, formerly known as a myxoid variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma, is the most frequently occurring sarcoma of the extremities in adults, with characteristic high local recurrence rates (32). At present, the World Health Organization (32) describes MFS as a spectrum of malignant fibroblastic lesions with myxoid stroma, pleomorphism and curvilinear vessels. MFS mainly occurs in the extremities of elderly patients, particularly in the lower limbs; however, it can also appear on the trunk and in the head and neck regions (33). An MFS diagnosis is based on characteristic histopathological features, including the presence of alternating hypocellular myxoid and hypercellular fibrous areas, pleomorphic nuclei, curvilinear thin-walled blood vessels prominent in myxoid areas, the aggregation of neoplastic cells or inflammatory cells, and spindle and stellate cells in the myxoid matrix (34). In previous studies, immunological staining often revealed vimentin and CD34 positivity, which also indicated that the tumor was of fibroblast origin, and the samples could also be SMA-positive and S-100 protein-negative (34). Compared with other soft-tissue sarcoma types, MFS showed better overall prognosis, with an OS rate of ~70% and an overall risk of metastases between 20 and 25% in high-grade variants. However, MFS is inclined to have a higher rate of local recurrence compared with other types, with a rate reported to be between 20 and 75% (33). Previous studies reported that the distant metastasis rate of MFS patients ranged from 9.5–23.6%, and the lung was considered to be the most common metastatic organ of soft-tissue sarcomas (35). Clinically, once the local recurrence of MFS occurs, the stages and grades of the tumors also increase, leading to metastatic disease (36). Treatment strategies for MFS include extensive local resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The recurrence rate after extensive resection ranged from 16–54%, and it was therefore recommended as the treatment strategy for low-grade MFS (37). In the present study, 2 years after the patient accepted the first surgery, the PET-CT scan showed bone destruction in L5, with a maximum standardized uptake value of ~11.2, suggesting regional recurrence of fibrous sarcoma. The treatment options were radiotherapy or surgery. In view of the fact that the patient showed no obvious discomfort and possessed a physique unsuitability for radiotherapy or surgery, close observation was suggested.

The patient was treated with three targeted drugs, including imatinib, dabrafenib and trametinib, and to the best of our knowledge, no study has previously assessed the adverse effects of this combination. A previous study demonstrated that the most common adverse reactions to dabrafenib and trametinib were pyrexia, peripheral edema, increased aspartate aminotransferase and blood alkaline phosphatase levels, nasopharyngitis, erythema, stomatitis and headaches (38). Few studies demonstrated that the adverse effects associated with the eye should not be ignored. These effects included retinal vein occlusion, with an incidence of <1.5% with trametinib, chorioretinopathy, with an incidence of up to 2% with both trametinib and dabrafenib, and uveitis, with unknown incidence (39). Toxicities as a result of imatinib treatment include the retention of fluid, nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, abdominal pain, muscle cramps and rashes. Symptoms of congestive heart failure were observed in ~8.2% of the patients treated with imatinib for GISTs (40). Following the use of imatinib, the patient in the present case had mild edema and diarrhea, which continued for ~6 months. However, these adverse reactions gradually resolved without any intervention. Since April 2018, combined dabrafenib and trametinib treatment was used, and the patient showed no signs of other significant adverse reactions.

The potential of genetic mutations of ambiguous significance as therapeutic indicators was investigated in the present case report. For example, the patient had a NTRK3 P562L mutation in exon 15. A previous study demonstrated that larotrectinib had marked and durable antitumor activity in patients with tropomyosin receptor kinase fusion-positive cancer, regardless of the age of the patient or of the type of the tumor, and the overall response rate was 75% (41). The patient in the present case also had a BTK E96K mutation in exon 4, with a mutation frequency of ~20.83%. Ibrutinib was previously demonstrated to significantly improve the prognosis of patients with mantle cell lymphoma who had high expression of BTK (42), and ths drug could be considered as treatment for the present patient. Additionally, PD-L1 positivity (70%) enables the use of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Thus, the decision on the best treatment option may benefit from the knowledge on the patients genetic mutation profile. Moreover, the best time and whether various anticancer agents should be combined require further investigation.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

LZ, LF and JW collaborated in data collection, literature review and writing the manuscript. HC analyzed the data from the patient. ZY, HW and YD were responsible for the treatment and management of the patient. All authors were involved in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Patient consent for publication

Verbal consent for publication was provided by the patient included in this case report.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

1 

DE Luca A, Frusone F, Vergine M, Cocchiara R, LA Torre G, Ballesio L, Monti M and Amabile MI: Breast cancer and multiple primary malignant tumors: Case report and review of the literature. In vivo. 33:1313–1324. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Zhao J, Tan Y, Wu Y, Zhao W, Wu J, Ji M, Shi L, Jiang J and Wu C: A rare case of eight multiple primary malignant neoplasms in a female patient: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett. 9:587–590. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Mukaiyama Y, Suzuki M, Morikawa T, Mori Y, Takeshima Y, Fujimura T, Fukuhara H, Nakagawa T, Nishimatsu H, Kume H and Homma Y: Multiple primary malignant neoplasms of the glottis, renal pelvis, urinary bladder, oral floor, prostate, and esophagus in a Japanese male patient: A case report. World J Surg Oncol. 12:2942014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Wang H, Hou J, Zhang G, Zhang M, Li P, Yan X and Ma Z: Clinical characteristics and prognostic analysis of multiple primary malignant neoplasms in patients with lung cancer. Cancer Gene Ther. Jan 31–2019.(Epub ahead of print). View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Lee J, Park S, Kim S, Kim J, Ryu J, Park HS, Kim SI and Park BW: Characteristics and survival of breast cancer patients with multiple synchronous or metachronous primary cancers. Yonsei Med J. 56:1213–1220. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Mochizuki T, Teraoka A, Akagawa H, Makabe S, Akihisa T, Sato M, Kataoka H, Mitobe M, Furukawa T, Tsuchiya K and Nitta K: Mutation analyses by next-generation sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in Japanese autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients. Clin Exp Nephrol. 23:1022–1030. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Kataoka Y, Hirano K, Narabayashi T, Hara S, Fujimoto D, Tanaka T, Ebi N, Tomii K and Yoshioka H: Concordance between the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors version 1.1 and the immune-related response criteria in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with nivolumab: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 81:333–337. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Han Y, Shao N, Xi X and Hao X: Use of microwave ablation in the treatment of patients with multiple primary malignant tumors. Thoracic Cancer. 8:365–371. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Warren S and Gates O: Multiple primary malignant tumors: A survey of the literature and statistical study. Am J Cancer. 16:1358–1414. 1932.

10 

Etiz D, Metcalfe E and Akcay M: Multiple primary malignant neoplasms: A 10-year experience at a single institution from Turkey. J Cancer Res Ther. 13:16–20. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Motuzyuk I, Sydorchuk O, Kovtun N, Palian Z and Kostiuchenko Y: Analysis of trends and factors in breast multiple primary malignant neoplasms. Breast Cancer (Auckl). 12:1178223418759952018. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Parekh JD, Kukrety S, Thandra A and Valenta C: Multiple primary malignant neoplasms in an elderly patient. Cureus. 10:e23842018.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Huss S, Pasternack H, Ihle MA, Merkelbach-Bruse S, Heitkötter B, Hartmann W, Trautmann M, Gevensleben H, Büttner R, Schildhaus HU and Wardelmann E: Clinicopathological and molecular features of a large cohort of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and review of the literature: BRAF mutations in KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GISTs are rere events. Hum Pathol. 62:206–214. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Yang Y, Meng Y, Zhang H, Shen X, Li R, Yu L, Liu B and Wang L: Detection of EGFR and BRAF mutations by competitive allele-specific TaqMan polymerase chain reaction in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett. 15:3295–3304. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Mitsogianni M, Mitsimponas N, Crespo F, Hartmann KA, Klosterhalfen B, Haase S and Giagounidis A: Concomitant non-small cell lung cancer and hairy cell leukemia in a patient harboring BRAF-V600E mutation in both tissues: A case report. Case Rep Oncol. 11:109–113. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Ding X, Zhang Z, Jiang T, Li X, Zhao C, Su B and Zhou C: Clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes of Chinese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and BRAF mutation. Cancer Med. 6:555–562. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Khunger A, Khunger M and Velcheti V: Dabrafenib in combination with trametinib in the treatment of patients with BRAF V600-positive advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: Clinical evidence and experience. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 12:17534666187676112018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Mufti M, Ching S, Farjami S, Shahangian S and Sobnosky S: A case series of two patients presenting with pericardial effusion as first manifestation of non-small cell lung cancer with BRAF mutation and expression of PD-L1. World J Oncol. 9:56–61. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Weart TC, Miller KD and Simone CB 2nd: Spotlight on dabrafenib/trametinib in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: Place in therapy. Cancer Manag Res. 10:647–652. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Kim TJ, Hong SA, Kim O, Kim SJ, Yang JH, Joung EK, Kang JH and Hong SH: Changes in PD-L1 expression according to tumor infiltrating lymphocytes of acquired EGFR-TKI resistant EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncotarget. 8:107630–107639. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Su S, Dong ZY, Xie Z, Yan LX, Li YF, Su J, Liu SY, Yin K, Chen RL, Huang SM, et al: Strong programmed death ligand 1 expression predicts poor response and de novo resistance to EGFR TKIs among non-small cell lung cancer patients with EGFR mutation. J Thorac Oncol. 13:1668–1675. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Jiang X, Zhou J, Giobbie-Hurder A, Wargo J and Hodi FS: The activation of MAPK in melanoma cells resistant to BRAF inhibition promotes PD-L1 expression that is reversible by MEK and PI3K inhibition. Clin Cancer Res. 19:598–609. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Li SD, Martial A, Schrock AB and Liu JJ: Extraordinary clinical benefit to sequential treatment with targeted therapy and immunotherapy of a BRAF V600E and PD-L1 positive metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Exp Hematol Oncol. 6:292017.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Liu J, Chen Z, Chen H, Hou Y, Lu W, He J, Tong H, Zhou Y and Cai W: Genetic polymorphisms contribute to the individual variations of imatinib mesylate plasma levels and adverse reactions in chinese GIST patients. Int J Mol Sci. 18(pii): E6032017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Peixoto A, Costa-Moreira P, Silva M, Santos AL, Lopes S, Vilas-Boas F, Moutinho-Ribeiro P and Macedo G: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the imatinib era: 15 years' experience of a tertiary center. J Gastrointest Oncol. 9:358–362. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Sanchez-Hidalgo JM, Duran-Martinez M, Molero-Payan R, Rufian-Peña S, Arjona-Sanchez A, Casado-Adam A, Cosano-Alvarez A and Briceño-Delgado J: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A multidisciplinary challenge. World J Gastroenterol. 24:1925–1941. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Rubin BP: Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: An update. Histopathology. 48:83–96. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Balachandran VP and Dematteo RP: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Who should get imatinib and for how long. Adv Surg. 48:165–183. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Alecu L, Tulin A, Enciu O, Bărbulescu M, Ursuţ B and Obrocea F: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors-Diagnosis and surgical treatment. Chirurgia (Bucur). 110:525–529. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Mei L, Du W, Idowu M, von Mehren M and Boikos S: Advances and challenges on management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Front Oncol. 8:1352018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Sundby Hall K, Hartmann JT, Pink D, Schütte J, Ramadori G, Hohenberger P, Duyster J, Al-Batran SE, et al: One vs three years of adjuvant imatinib for operable gastrointestinal stromal tumor: A randomized trial. JAMA. 307:1265–1272. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

De Vita A, Recine F, Mercatali L, Miserocchi G, Liverani C, Spadazzi C, Casadei R, Bongiovanni A, Pieri F, Riva N, et al: Myxofibrosarcoma primary cultures: Molecular and pharmacological profile. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 9:755–767. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Colia V, Fiore M, Provenzano S, Fumagalli E, Bertulli R, Morosi C, Dei Tos AP, Barisella M, Gronchi A, Casali PG and Sanfilippo R: Activity of anthracycline- and ifosfamide-based chemotherapy in a series of patients affected by advanced myxofibrosarcoma. Clin Sarcoma Res. 7:162017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Wong A, Chan Woo Park R, Mirani NM and Eloy JA: Myxofibrosarcoma of the maxillary sinus. Allergy Rhinol (Providence). 8:e95–e99. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Tsuchie H, Kaya M, Nagasawa H, Emori M, Murahashi Y, Mizushima E, Miyakoshi N, Yamashita T and Shimada Y: Distant metastasis in patients with myxofibrosarcoma. Ups J Med Sci. 122:190–193. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Lohberger B, Stuendl N, Leithner A, Rinner B, Sauer S, Kashofer K and Liegl-Atzwanger B: Establishment of a novel cellular model for myxofibrosarcoma heterogeneity. Sci Rep. 7:447002017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Nomura T, Sakakibara S, Moriwaki A, Kawamoto T, Suzuki S, Ishimura T, Hashikawa K and Terashi H: Terashi, low-grade myxofibrosarcoma of the rectus abdominus muscle infiltrating into abdominal cavity: A case report. Eplasty. 17:e62017.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Yamazaki N, Tsutsumida A, Takahashi A, Namikawa K, Yoshikawa S, Fujiwara Y, Kondo S, Mukaiyama A, Zhang F and Kiyohara Y: Phase 1/2 study assessing the safety and efficacy of dabrafenib and trametinib combination therapy in Japanese patients with BRAF V600 mutation-positive advanced cutaneous melanoma. J Dermatol. 45:397–407. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Dy GK and Adjei AA: Understanding, recognizing, and managing toxicities of targeted anticancer therapies. CA Cancer J Clin. 63:249–279. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Ghias AAP, Bhayani S, Gemmel DJ and Garg SK: Rapidly progressive dyspnea in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with imatinib cardiac toxicity. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 8:87–91. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Drilon A, Laetsch TW, Kummar S, DuBois SG, Lassen UN, Demetri GD, Nathenson M, Doebele RC, Farago AF, Pappo AS, et al: Efficacy of larotrectinib in TRK fusion-positive cancers in adults and children. N Engl J Med. 378:731–739. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Noy A, de Vos S, Thieblemont C, Martin P, Flowers CR, Morschhauser F, Collins GP, Ma S, Coleman M, Peles S, et al: Targeting Bruton tyrosine kinase with ibrutinib in relapsed/refractory marginal zone lymphoma. Blood. 129:2224–2232. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

Journal Cover

October-2019
Volume 18 Issue 4

Print ISSN: 1792-1074
Online ISSN:1792-1082

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang L, Feng L, Cong H, Yu Z, Wang H, Dong Y and Wang J: Multiple primary malignant neoplasms: A case report and literature review. Oncol Lett 18: 4210-4220, 2019
APA
Zhang, L., Feng, L., Cong, H., Yu, Z., Wang, H., Dong, Y., & Wang, J. (2019). Multiple primary malignant neoplasms: A case report and literature review. Oncology Letters, 18, 4210-4220. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10779
MLA
Zhang, L., Feng, L., Cong, H., Yu, Z., Wang, H., Dong, Y., Wang, J."Multiple primary malignant neoplasms: A case report and literature review". Oncology Letters 18.4 (2019): 4210-4220.
Chicago
Zhang, L., Feng, L., Cong, H., Yu, Z., Wang, H., Dong, Y., Wang, J."Multiple primary malignant neoplasms: A case report and literature review". Oncology Letters 18, no. 4 (2019): 4210-4220. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10779