Open Access

A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Rodney Hull
    • Mzwandile Mbele
    • Tshepiso Makhafola
    • Chindo Hicks
    • Shao Ming Wang
    • Rui Manuel Reis
    • Ravi Mehrotra
    • Zilungile Mkhize‑Kwitshana
    • Showket Hussain
    • Gibson Kibiki
    • David O. Bates
    • Zodwa Dlamini
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: July 24, 2020     https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11902
  • Article Number: 42
  • Copyright: © Hull et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Oesophageal cancer (OC) is an aggressive neoplasm that manifests in the gastrointestinal tract and is the result of numerous factors that can contribute to the development of the disease. These may include old age, nutritional deficiencies, oesophageal obstruction and food ingestion difficulties. Environmental factors serve a large role in increasing the risk of developing OC. Two factors that serve an increasing risk of developing OC are the use of tobacco and the consumption of alcohol. Genetic factors also exhibit a large effect on the risk of developing OC, for example, the causative genes in Black Africans differ from other races. OC is 3‑4 times more common among men than women. OC has been previously reported in >450 000 individuals worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. The current review compares OC in low to middle‑income countries with developed countries. The incidence of OC, particularly squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is high in low and middle‑income countries. In developed countries, the incidence of SCC is low compared with adenocarcinoma. The majority of OC cases are diagnosed in the late stages of the disease, leading to high mortality rates. The current review aimed to discuss factors that contribute to the development of this disease in different geographical areas and genetic mechanisms governing these findings. The current review also aims to discuss the preventative treatment options for the disease, and also discusses the diagnosis and surveillance in five LMICs, including South Africa, China, Tanzania, India and Brazil.
View Figures
View References

Related Articles

Journal Cover

October-2020
Volume 20 Issue 4

Print ISSN: 1792-1074
Online ISSN:1792-1082

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hull R, Mbele M, Makhafola T, Hicks C, Wang S, Reis RM, Mehrotra R, Mkhize‑Kwitshana Z, Hussain S, Kibiki G, Kibiki G, et al: A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review). Oncol Lett 20: 42, 2020
APA
Hull, R., Mbele, M., Makhafola, T., Hicks, C., Wang, S., Reis, R.M. ... Dlamini, Z. (2020). A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review). Oncology Letters, 20, 42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11902
MLA
Hull, R., Mbele, M., Makhafola, T., Hicks, C., Wang, S., Reis, R. M., Mehrotra, R., Mkhize‑Kwitshana, Z., Hussain, S., Kibiki, G., Bates, D. O., Dlamini, Z."A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review)". Oncology Letters 20.4 (2020): 42.
Chicago
Hull, R., Mbele, M., Makhafola, T., Hicks, C., Wang, S., Reis, R. M., Mehrotra, R., Mkhize‑Kwitshana, Z., Hussain, S., Kibiki, G., Bates, D. O., Dlamini, Z."A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review)". Oncology Letters 20, no. 4 (2020): 42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11902