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Review Open Access

A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Rodney Hull
    • Mzwandile Mbele
    • Tshepiso Makhafola
    • Chindo Hicks
    • Shao Ming Wang
    • Rui Manuel Reis
    • Ravi Mehrotra
    • Zilungile Mkhize‑Kwitshana
    • Showket Hussain
    • Gibson Kibiki
    • David O. Bates
    • Zodwa Dlamini
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: South African‑Medical Research Council/University of Pretoria Precision, Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV‑Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, Gauteng 0028, South Africa, Louisiana State University, School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Genomics Centre, LA 70112, USA, National Cancer Centre, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China, Molecular Oncology Research Centre, Barretos Cancer Hospital, CEP 14784 400, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Indian Council of Medical Research, 110029 New Delhi, India, School of Medicine, University of Kwazulu‑Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4013, South Africa, East African Health Research Commission, East African Community, Quartier Kigobe, 1096 Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Cancer Biology, NG7 2UH Nottingham, UK
    Copyright: © Hull et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 42
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    Published online on: July 24, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11902
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Abstract

Oesophageal cancer (OC) is an aggressive neoplasm that manifests in the gastrointestinal tract and is the result of numerous factors that can contribute to the development of the disease. These may include old age, nutritional deficiencies, oesophageal obstruction and food ingestion difficulties. Environmental factors serve a large role in increasing the risk of developing OC. Two factors that serve an increasing risk of developing OC are the use of tobacco and the consumption of alcohol. Genetic factors also exhibit a large effect on the risk of developing OC, for example, the causative genes in Black Africans differ from other races. OC is 3‑4 times more common among men than women. OC has been previously reported in >450 000 individuals worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. The current review compares OC in low to middle‑income countries with developed countries. The incidence of OC, particularly squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is high in low and middle‑income countries. In developed countries, the incidence of SCC is low compared with adenocarcinoma. The majority of OC cases are diagnosed in the late stages of the disease, leading to high mortality rates. The current review aimed to discuss factors that contribute to the development of this disease in different geographical areas and genetic mechanisms governing these findings. The current review also aims to discuss the preventative treatment options for the disease, and also discusses the diagnosis and surveillance in five LMICs, including South Africa, China, Tanzania, India and Brazil.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hull R, Mbele M, Makhafola T, Hicks C, Wang S, Reis RM, Mehrotra R, Mkhize‑Kwitshana Z, Hussain S, Kibiki G, Kibiki G, et al: A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review). Oncol Lett 20: 42, 2020.
APA
Hull, R., Mbele, M., Makhafola, T., Hicks, C., Wang, S., Reis, R.M. ... Dlamini, Z. (2020). A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review). Oncology Letters, 20, 42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11902
MLA
Hull, R., Mbele, M., Makhafola, T., Hicks, C., Wang, S., Reis, R. M., Mehrotra, R., Mkhize‑Kwitshana, Z., Hussain, S., Kibiki, G., Bates, D. O., Dlamini, Z."A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review)". Oncology Letters 20.4 (2020): 42.
Chicago
Hull, R., Mbele, M., Makhafola, T., Hicks, C., Wang, S., Reis, R. M., Mehrotra, R., Mkhize‑Kwitshana, Z., Hussain, S., Kibiki, G., Bates, D. O., Dlamini, Z."A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review)". Oncology Letters 20, no. 4 (2020): 42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11902
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hull R, Mbele M, Makhafola T, Hicks C, Wang S, Reis RM, Mehrotra R, Mkhize‑Kwitshana Z, Hussain S, Kibiki G, Kibiki G, et al: A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review). Oncol Lett 20: 42, 2020.
APA
Hull, R., Mbele, M., Makhafola, T., Hicks, C., Wang, S., Reis, R.M. ... Dlamini, Z. (2020). A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review). Oncology Letters, 20, 42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11902
MLA
Hull, R., Mbele, M., Makhafola, T., Hicks, C., Wang, S., Reis, R. M., Mehrotra, R., Mkhize‑Kwitshana, Z., Hussain, S., Kibiki, G., Bates, D. O., Dlamini, Z."A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review)". Oncology Letters 20.4 (2020): 42.
Chicago
Hull, R., Mbele, M., Makhafola, T., Hicks, C., Wang, S., Reis, R. M., Mehrotra, R., Mkhize‑Kwitshana, Z., Hussain, S., Kibiki, G., Bates, D. O., Dlamini, Z."A multinational review: Oesophageal cancer in low to middle‑income countries (Review)". Oncology Letters 20, no. 4 (2020): 42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11902
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