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Review Open Access

Current progress and prospect of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Zhu Zeng
    • Biao Yang
    • Zheng-Yin Liao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zeng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 45
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    Published online on: July 24, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11909
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Abstract

In recent years, the incidence of liver cancer has increased and is currently the sixth most common tumor and the second leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality worldwide. Most cases of liver cancer are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Surgery, including liver transplantation or resection, and radiofrequency ablation therapies are all considered to be the curative treatment options for early‑stage HCC. However, most patients have advanced HCC at the time of diagnosis, contributing to a poor prognosis. Therefore, improved treatment for late‑stage HCC is needed. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), among which programmed death receptor 1 (PD‑1)/PD‑ligand 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte‑associated protein 4 are the representative immunological checkpoints, have shown great promise and progress for HCC treatment. The present review summarizes recent studies that have focused on ICIs and discusses the present limitations affecting the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zeng Z, Yang B and Liao Z: Current progress and prospect of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncol Lett 20: 45, 2020.
APA
Zeng, Z., Yang, B., & Liao, Z. (2020). Current progress and prospect of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncology Letters, 20, 45. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11909
MLA
Zeng, Z., Yang, B., Liao, Z."Current progress and prospect of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review)". Oncology Letters 20.4 (2020): 45.
Chicago
Zeng, Z., Yang, B., Liao, Z."Current progress and prospect of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review)". Oncology Letters 20, no. 4 (2020): 45. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11909
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zeng Z, Yang B and Liao Z: Current progress and prospect of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncol Lett 20: 45, 2020.
APA
Zeng, Z., Yang, B., & Liao, Z. (2020). Current progress and prospect of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncology Letters, 20, 45. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11909
MLA
Zeng, Z., Yang, B., Liao, Z."Current progress and prospect of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review)". Oncology Letters 20.4 (2020): 45.
Chicago
Zeng, Z., Yang, B., Liao, Z."Current progress and prospect of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review)". Oncology Letters 20, no. 4 (2020): 45. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11909
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