Open Access

Regulatory role of long non‑coding RNA UCA1 in signaling pathways and its clinical applications (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Zhaoping Liu
    • Yanyan Wang
    • Shunling Yuan
    • Feng Wen
    • Jing Liu
    • Liheng Zou
    • Ji Zhang
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: March 19, 2021     https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12665
  • Article Number: 404
  • Copyright : © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Long non‑coding RNA metastasis‑associated urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1) plays a pivotal role in various human diseases. Its gene expression is regulated by several factors, including transcription factors, chromatin remodeling and epigenetic modification. UCA1 is involved in the regulation of the PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β‑catenin, MAPK, NF‑κB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, affecting a series of cellular biological functions, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and tumor drug resistance. Furthermore, UCA1 is used as a novel potential biomarker for disease diagnosis and prognosis, as well as a target for clinical gene therapy. The present review systematically summarizes and elucidates the mechanisms of upstream transcriptional regulation of UCA1, the regulatory role of UCA1 in multiple signaling pathways in the occurrence and development of several diseases, and its potential applications in clinical treatment.

Introduction

The whole genome sequencing of eukaryotes has confirmed that ~93% of the DNA in the human genome can be transcribed into RNA (1). Notably, only 2% of mRNAs encode proteins and the remaining 98% are non-coding RNAs (1). Among the different types of non-coding transcripts, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have attracted great interest. lncRNAs do not contain any extended open reading frames (ORFs) and are >200 nucleotides in length (2). They have been identified as indispensable regulators in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including epigenetic inheritance, cell cycle, post-transcriptional regulation, translation and chromatin modification (3). In addition, lncRNAs participate in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, invasion, migration and tumor drug resistance (4). lncRNAs play important roles in the occurrence and development of various diseases, particularly malignant tumors (5,6). Previous studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors, and are involved in the regulation of tumorigenesis and progression of various tumors (5,6).

Urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1) was initially identified in bladder cancer by high-throughput RNA sequencing, and is associated with the progression of bladder cancer (7). UCA1 has been demonstrated to be highly expressed in several human tumors, such as gastric cancer (GC) and cholangiocarcinoma, which is closely associated with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, depth of invasion, vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) (810). In addition, UCA1 is involved in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and drug resistance (11). Several studies have reported that UCA1 participates in the regulation of multiple cellular signaling pathways at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic levels (Fig. 1) (12,13). The present review discusses the molecular mechanisms and clinical potential of UCA1 in the regulation of signaling pathways and transcription in human diseases.

Overview of UCA1

In 2006, UCA1 was demonstrated to be highly specific and sensitive in the diagnosis of bladder cancer, particularly in patients with superficial G2-G3 (7). Furthermore, UCA1 is considered to be the most specific gene for bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) (7). UCAI exhibits a notable differential diagnostic function in several urinary tract diseases without TCC (7).

The UCA1 gene contains three exons and two introns, and is located on the positive strand of human chromosome 19p13.12 (7). Notably, the UCA1 sequence contains multiple termination sequences, without any conservative long ORFs (14,15). Initially, the full-length cDNA of UCA1 was identified as 1.4 kb (7). However, recent studies have demonstrated that UCA1 has three different isoforms (1.4, 2.2 and 2.7 kb) (16,17). Currently, the 1.4 kb isoform has attracted great interest (14). In addition to its associations with non-cancerous diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetic nephropathy (DN) and Parkinson's disease (PD) (1820), UCA1 is also involved in the progression of different types of cancer, including bladder cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (2123). Furthermore, overexpression of UCA1 is closely associated with clinicopathological characteristics, including poor prognostic factors, such as TNM stage, vascular invasion and lymph node metastasis (8,24,25).

Increasing evidence suggest that UCA1 functions as an oncogene, which plays an important role in the tumorigenesis and development of different types of cancer, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (26), pancreatic cancer (PC) (27) and lung adenocarcinoma (28). UCA1 expression is regulated by several factors, such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling and epigenetic modification (Fig. 2) (2931). Furthermore, UCA1 contains microRNA (miRNA/miR) binding sites that regulate the expression of target genes through the sponging of miRNAs (Table I) (8,11,24).

Table I.

Regulation of signaling pathways mediated by UCA1 as a competitive endogenous RNA of miRNAs.

Table I.

Regulation of signaling pathways mediated by UCA1 as a competitive endogenous RNA of miRNAs.

miRNATarget geneSignaling pathwaysBiological functionsDiseases(Refs.)
miR-193aCDK6PI3K/AKT, ERK/MAPK and NotchMigration, invasion and apoptosisGlioma(61)
miR-126RAC1PI3K/AKT and JAK/STATProliferation, migration and invasionAML(62)
miR-582CREB1PI3K/AKT/mTOREMTOsteosarcoma(72)
miR-143HK2PI3K/AKT/mTORGlycolysisBladder cancer(79)
miR-200cPI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMPK and Wnt/β-cateninProliferation, migration and invasionHemangioma(78)
miR-185-5pMMP-9Wnt/β-cateninEMTMelanoma(84)
miR-122PI3K/AKT/mTOR and JNK/p38 MAPKApoptosisAMI(76)
miR-122CLIC1ERK/MAPKMetastasisCCA(89)
miR-203MEF2CNF-κBInflammationEpilepsy(93)
miR-331-3pIL6RJAK2/STAT3Proliferation and apoptosisMM(98)
miR-15aHippo and JNK/p38 MAPKProliferation and EMTThyroid cancer(90)
miR-124JAG1NotchInvasion and EMTTongue cancer(46)
miR-145-5pSMAD5TGF-β/SMADChondrogenic differentiationOsteoarthritis(103)
miR-124-3pSMAD4TGF-β/SMADChondrogenic differentiationOsteoarthritis(103)
miR-1SlugTGF-β/SMADEMTBC and glioma(33,104)
miR-203a
miR-182-5pDLL4NotchProliferation, migration and apoptosisRenal cancer(11)
miR-143MDM2PI3K/AKT/mTOR and p53ApoptosisAMI(77)

[i] UCA1, urothelial carcinoma associated 1; miR, microRNA; CDK6, cyclin-dependent kinase 6; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; BC, breast cancer; CCA, cholangiocarcinoma; CLIC1, chloride intracellular channel 1; CREB1, cAMP response element-binding protein 1; DLL4, Delta-like 4; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; HK2, hexokinase 2; JAG1, jagged 1; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases; MM, multiple myeloma; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PE, pre-eclampsia; RAC1, RAS-related C3 botulinus toxin substrate 1; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; -, not available.

Upstream regulation of UCA1 expression

As presented in Table II, upstream regulators of UCA1 include transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, epigenetic changes and binding proteins (29,3133). The core promoter of the UCA1 gene can bind with several transcription factors, such as CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) (32), C/EBPβ (34), E26 transformation-specific transcription factor 2 (35), specificity protein 1 (36), MYB (37) and E1A binding protein p300 (EP300) (38). These transcription factors interact with the promoter to upregulate UCA1 expression, and SND1 can upregulate UCA1 expression through transcriptional activator MYB and promote 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced apoptosis of HCC cells (37). Similarly, macrophage-derived chemokine CCL18 upregulates UCA1 expression through transcription factor EP300 in osteosarcoma (38). In addition, the combination of hyaluronic acid and CD44 stimulates the signal transduction of PI3K and AKT, resulting in phosphorylation of C/EBPα, which binds to the promoter of the UCA1 gene to induce transcriptional activation of UCA1, resulting in migration and invasion of HSC-3 cells in human head and neck squamous cell cancer (39).

Table II.

Upstream regulation of UCA1 expression.

Table II.

Upstream regulation of UCA1 expression.

Type of factorRegulationRegulatory factorDiseases(Refs.)
Transcription factorsPromotionC/EBPαBladder cancer(32)
PromotionC/EBPβBladder cancer(34)
PromotionEts-2Bladder cancer(35)
PromotionSP1GC(36)
PromotionMYBHCC(37)
PromotionEP300Osteosarcoma(38)
PromotionC/EBPαHNSCC(39)
Chromatin remodeling complexesInhibitionSATB1BC(29)
InhibitionARID1ABC(30)
InhibitionCAPERα/TBX3 repressor complexUMS(43)
Epigenetic changesInhibitionSAMHCC(31)
Binding proteinsPromotionHnRNPIBC(44)
InhibitionIMP1BC(45)
OthersPromotionTGF-βTongue cancer(46)
PromotionBMP9BC(33)
PromotionTAZ/YAP and TEAD complexesBC(47)
InhibitionMetforminEH(50)
InhibitionMetforminPE(51)
InhibitionlncRNA GAS8-AS1Osteosarcoma(52)
InhibitionUPF1HCC(53)
PromotionPAGC(54)
PromotionCAFsCRC(55)
PromotionHBxHCC(56)

[i] UCA1, urothelial carcinoma associated 1; ARID1A, AT-rich interaction domain 1A; BC, breast cancer; BMP9, bone morphogenetic protein 9; C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein; CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts; CRC, colorectal cancer; EH, endometrial hyperplasia; EP300, E1A binding protein p300; ETS-2, E26 transformation-specific transcription factor 2; GC, gastric cancer; HBx, hepatitis B virus X protein; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cancer; IMP1, insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1; PA, palmitic acid; PE, pre-eclampsia; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; SATB1, special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1; SP1, specificity protein 1; TAZ, transcriptional co-activator with PDZ binding motif; TEAD, transcriptional enhancer TEA domain; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; UMS, ulnar-mammary syndrome; UPF1, up-frameshift protein 1; YAP, yes-associated protein.

AT-rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A) is one of the major members of SWItch/Sucrose non-fermentable chromatin remodeling complexes, which is often found to be loss-of-function mutations in different types of cancer, such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (40), breast cancer (BC) (41) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) (42). ARID1A inhibits UCA1 expression by regulating chromatin access of transcription factor C/EBPα (30). It has been confirmed that the CAPERα/TBX3 complex directly inhibits UCA1 transcription and promotes cancer cell senescence by regulating chromatin structure (43). Furthermore, the AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 suppresses UCA1 expression by closing the chromatin structure of the UCA1 promoter region in BC (29). Notably, epigenetic modification participates in regulating UCA1 expression. S-adenosylmethionine inhibits UCA1 transcription by increasing DNA methyltransferase or decreasing DNA demethylase (31). The stability of UCA1 is notably improved due to the formation of functional ribonucleoprotein complexes between hnRNPI and UCA1 (44). Conversely, UCA1 interacts with insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 and is downregulated due to its reduced stability (45).

Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), a member of the BMP family, belongs to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. TGF-β is a well-known inducer of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (33,46). BMP9 or TGF-β can upregulate UCA1 expression to promote invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, including BC and GC cells (33,46). In addition, TGF-β inactivates the Hippo pathway by regulating the complex of transcriptional co-activator with PDZ binding motif/yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional enhancer TEA domain (TEAD), which subsequently upregulates UCA1 expression and promotes the migration and invasion of BC cells (47). Some clinical trials have reported that metformin exhibits anticancer potential and can be used as an adjuvant for cancer prevention or an AMPK activator for cancer treatment (48,49). Metformin can decrease endometrial hyperplasia via the UCA1/miR-144/TGF-β1/AKT signaling pathway (50). In addition, metformin suppresses the migratory ability of trophoblast cells by regulating the signal transduction pathway of UCA1/miR-204/MMP-9 (51). Notably, lncRNA GAS8-AS1 inhibits migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells by downregulating UCA1 expression (52). Furthermore, up-frameshift protein 1, palmitic acid, cancer-associated fibroblasts and hepatitis B virus X protein can also regulate UCA1 expression and affect the proliferation of cancer cells, including HCC, GC and CRC cells (5356).

Signaling pathways regulated by UCA1

PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is involved in important physiological activities, including cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and is closely associated with cancer (16,35), DN (19), SLE (18), myocardial fibrosis (57) and PD (20). Recently, the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in the PI3K/AKT pathway and their effects on diseases have attracted great interest (5860).

It has been reported that UCA1 can promote malignant phenotypes of PDAC by activating the AKT signaling pathway (16). This process includes the promotion of cell proliferation, invasion, EMT, inhibition of apoptosis and enhancement of 5-FU resistance (16). In bladder cancer (35) and SLE (18), UCA1 is highly expressed and promotes cell proliferation by mediating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. UCA1 knockdown inhibits proliferation and migration of glioma cells through miR-193a-mediated downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), and inactivates the PI3K/AKT pathway by decreasing the expression levels of phosphorylated PI3K and AKT proteins (61). In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), UCA1 can be used as an endogenous sponge to compete with miR-126, which in turn suppresses activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by inhibiting the expression of RAS-related C3 botulinus toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) (62).

Recent studies have demonstrated that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) can promote cell cycle progression by affecting the PI3K/AKT pathway or the expression levels of cyclins (6365). EZH2 can also be post-translationally modified by phosphorylation of AKT (66). UCA1 directly interacts with EZH2 in GC and enhances EZH2 expression, which in turn activates the AKT/GSK3β/cyclin D1 (CCND1) axis to increase cell proliferation (36). However, UCA1 suppresses p27Kip1/CDK2 signal transduction and promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis by recruiting EZH2 (56). In PC (67) and BC (44), UCA1 promotes the proliferation of cancer cells by inhibiting p27 expression. UCA1 can also inhibit the level of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein, and regulate the cell cycle of bladder cancer cells via the PI3K-dependent pathway (68). A study has reported that UCA1 impairs the binding of brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) to the p21 promoter and the chromatin remodeling activity of BRG1 to accelerate the proliferation of bladder cancer cells (69). Cisplatin and gemcitabine resistance in bladder cancer cells is mediated by UCA1-CREB-miR-196a-5p paradigm (70).

UCA1 can inhibit PTEN and promote p-AKT expression to induce the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells (71). Notably, p-PTEN is a phosphatase, and PTEN is a negative regulator of PI3K. Dephosphorylation of PTEN can decrease activation of AKT and block its downstream signal transduction (71). In vivo studies have demonstrated that UCA1 functions via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (19,48,72). In the Sprague-Dawley rat model of DN, inhibition of UCA1 decreases renal pathological damage, improved renal function and decreased inflammation in DN rats by suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (19). In addition, downregulation of UCA1 expression can ameliorate the damage of dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to decrease oxidative stress and inflammation in PD (20). Thus, UCA1 participates in the regulation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by affecting EZH2, CDK6, RAC1 and PTEN, which promote cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis and drug resistance, and inhibit apoptosis in diseases (36,61,62,71).

Several studies have demonstrated that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the core component downstream of the PI3K/AKT pathway (7375). lncRNAs participate in cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and energy metabolism by regulating the mTOR signaling pathway (73). It has been reported that upregulation of UCA1 expression confers tamoxifen resistance in BC cells, partly by activating the mTOR signaling pathway (74). In addition, UCA1 interacts with mTOR to inhibit p27 and miR-143 expression; however, the expression levels of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog and CCND1 significantly increase, which results in the proliferation, EMT and metastasis of CRC cells (55). Notably, it has been demonstrated that UCA1 increases CREB1 expression by acting as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-582, thus promoting EMT via the CREB1-mediated mTOR pathway, which results in osteosarcoma metastasis (72). In cardiomyocytes, UCA1 decreases miR-122 and miR-143 expression, and regulates their downstream mTOR signaling pathway to inhibit oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) or hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced apoptosis and injury (76,77). UCA1 knockdown can also regulate signal transduction of mTOR via miR-200c and miR-195, and inhibit the proliferation and invasion of hemangioma cells and microvascular endothelial cells (78). Furthermore, bladder cancer cells preferentially metabolize glucose by aerobic glycolysis, known as the Warburg effect (79). UCA1 promotes glycolysis and upregulates hexokinase 2 expression via the mTOR-STAT3/miR-143 pathway in bladder cancer cells (79). Taken together, these findings suggest that UCA1 can directly or indirectly activate the mTOR signaling pathway by serving as a regulator of miR-582 and miR-195, and affect the expression of proteins, such as CREB1 and CCND1, to promote cell proliferation, drug resistance and inhibit apoptosis.

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is a developmental signal-transduction pathway. Activation of this pathway can result in the proliferation, invasion, metastasis and differentiation of cancer cells, ultimately inducing tumorigenesis (80). The canonical Wnt pathway activates gene transcription through β-catenin accumulation in the cytoplasm and translocation to the nucleus (80).

Several studies have demonstrated that UCA1 promotes cell proliferation and EMT in osteosarcoma (38), glioma (81) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (82) by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In addition, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is closely associated with chemoresistance (12,81,83). UCA1 induces chemoresistance to cisplatin and temozolomide in glioma and decreases the sensitivity of BC cells to tamoxifen via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (81,83). Notably, UCA1 can also increase cisplatin resistance of bladder cancer cells by activating Wnt signaling in a Wnt6-dependent manner (12).

Previous studies have reported that UCA1 regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via miR-200c and miR-185-5p, and affects the proliferation and EMT in hemangioma (78) and melanoma cells (84), respectively. In osteosarcoma, UCA1 knockdown inhibits miR-301a expression and induces the silencing of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), thus decreasing cell proliferation and metastasis (85). In addition, downregulation of miR-301a expression decreases the levels of Wnt3a, Wnt5a and β-catenin proteins, which in turn inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (85). UCA1 regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression, which is a downstream gene of Wnt/β-catenin (86), via miR-204 and increases trophoblast cells migration (51). Notably, enhanced UCA1 expression upregulates the expression of highly upregulated in liver cancer (HULC) by inhibiting HULC promoter methylation, and upregulates β-catenin by promoting β-catenin promoter-enhancer chromatin DNA looping formation, which in turn promotes the malignant transformation of hepatocyte-like cells (87). Collectively, these findings suggest that UCA1 is involved in tumorigenesis via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by regulating miRNAs, such as miR-204 and miR-301a, and lncRNAs, such as HULC.

MAPK signaling pathway

The MAPK pathway participates in the regulation of cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis and differentiation, and is closely associated with the occurrence of various diseases such as PDAC (16), melanocytes (13) and acute myocardial infarction (76). Its functional pattern predominantly involves phosphorylating nuclear transcription factors, cytoskeletal proteins and enzymes (88). The MAPK signaling pathway includes four pathways: The ERK, P38, SAPK/JNK and ERK5/BMK1 pathways. As an important regulatory gene, UCA1 can participate in the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway (88).

A previous study demonstrated that UCA1 promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of PDAC cells, and decreases apoptosis and increases 5-FU resistance by activating the ERK signaling pathway (16). In addition, UCA1 negatively regulates the CREB/MITF/melanogenesis axis by suppressing the ERK and JNK signaling pathways in melanocytes, thus inhibiting the expression of melanogenesis-related genes in melanocytes (13).

UCA1 knockdown activates the AMPK signaling pathway by upregulating a series of miRNAs (61,76,78,89). In addition, UCA1 knockdown regulates AMPK signal transduction via miR-200c and suppresses the proliferation, migration and invasion of hemangioma cells (78). Furthermore, in acute myocardial infarction, UCA1 decreases OGD aroused cell apoptosis and injury by downregulating miR-122 expression and suppressing its downstream JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway (76). Knockdown of UCA1 inactivates the MAPK signaling pathway by downregulating CDK6 expression mediated by miR-193a, which decreases the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of glioma cells (61). In cholangiocarcinoma, UCA1 upregulates chloride intracellular channel 1 (CLIC1) expression by inhibiting miR-122 expression and activating the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway to promote the metastasis of malignant cells (89). In addition, UCA1 promotes the viability and EMT of TPC-1 cells by competing with miR-15a and activating the Hippo and JNK signaling pathways in human thyroid cancer (90). Taken together, these findings suggest that UCA1 activates the MAPK signaling pathways by regulating CLIC1 and CDK6 expression, inducing cell proliferation, migration and drug resistance, and inhibiting apoptosis.

Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway

NF-κB is an extensively expressed multi effect transcription factor. It is a heterotrimer composed of p50, p65 and IκB (91). The NF-κB signaling pathway is activated by several factors, including extracellular stimulation and transcription factors (91). Activated NF-κB signaling pathway mediates several biological processes, such as cell proliferation, tumor metastasis and inflammation (91).

UCA1 can activate the NF-κB signaling pathway through inflammatory cytokines like IL6 (92) and transcription factors like MEF2C (93). Several studies have demonstrated that the NF-κB signaling pathway can be regulated by UCA1 (85,94). In osteosarcoma, inhibition of UCA1 downregulates miR-301a expression and decreases CXCR4 expression, thus suppressing cell proliferation and metastasis (85). Furthermore, miR-301a positively regulates the phosphorylation of IκB and p65 proteins and activates the NF-κB signaling pathway (85). UCA1 knockdown exerts an anticancer effect on GC cells by rescuing miR-182 expression to activate the NF-κB and PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathways (94). In HCC, the synergism between UCA1 and inflammatory cytokine IL6 promotes SUV39H1 expression. Notably, methyltransferase-like 3, which binds to SUV39H1 mRNA, is also upregulated. Excessive SUV39H1 expression can increase the expression of tri-methylation of histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) (92). Notably, under inflammatory conditions, H3K9me3 induces phosphorylation of NF-κB, resulting in the malignant transformation of hepatocyte-like stem cells (92). This synergism between UCA1 and IL6 can aggravate the malignant transformation of hepatocyte-like stem cells via the NF-κB signaling pathway (92). In addition, UCA1 regulates the inflammatory responses in epilepsy by regulating the miR-203-mediated myocyte enhancer factor 2C/NF-κB signaling pathway (93).

JAK/STAT signaling pathway

The JAK/STAT signaling pathway is a common pathway for various cytokines and growth factors to transmit signals within cells (95). It mediates several biological responses, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis and immune regulation (95). Previous studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs play a regulatory role in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway (96,97).

UCA1 promotes the development of cancer cells by activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, including multiple myeloma (MM) (98), AML (62) and pre-eclampsia (99). UCA1 activates the JAK2/STAT3 pathway via the miR-331-3p/IL6R axis in MM, and regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis (98). In AML, UCA1 competes with miR-126 as an endogenous sponge. miR-126 suppresses activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by decreasing RAC1 expression, thus inhibiting cell proliferation, migration and invasion (62). Notably, UCA1 exerts opposite effects on the regulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in some non-cancerous cells (99,100). A study has reported that UCA1 expression is upregulated in trophoblast cells of pre-eclampsia pregnancy, and it can inhibit the invasion and proliferation of trophoblast cells by downregulating JAK2 expression (99). In addition, overexpression of UCA1 inhibits activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, which in turn inhibits activation of astrocytes in temporal lobe epilepsy (100). It is suggested that UCA1 promotes IL6R and RAC1 expression to stimulate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, which increases cell proliferation and invasion in several tumors, while UCA1 exerts opposing effects in some non-cancerous cells (62,98).

TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway

The TGF-β superfamily is composed of secretory polypeptide molecule TGF-β, activins, inhibins and BMPs, and participates in various biological activities, such as cell invasion and migration (101). The TGF-β superfamily is involved in cartilage and bone formation, inflammation, regulation of endocrine functions, and formation and development of tumors (101). SMADs are important molecules for intracellular TGF-β signal transduction (101).

Previous studies have demonstrated that EMT induced by TGF-β1 is an important reason for the invasion and migration of cancer cells (46,102). The UCA1/miR-124 axis regulates TGF-β1-induced EMT and invasion of tongue cancer cells (46). In addition, UCA1 promotes the proliferation of MM cells by targeting TGF-β (102). SMAD4 and SMAD5, two members of SMADs, are important elements involved in the TGF-β pathway (103). It has been confirmed that UCA1 regulates the TGF-β signaling pathway via the miR-145-5p/SMAD5 and miR-124-3p/SMAD4 axes and promotes chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (103). Notably, UCA1 competitively binds with miR-1 and miR-203a to upregulate the expression of Slug, a downstream effector of TGF-β (104), and subsequently regulates EMT in glioma cells (104) and BC cells (33).

Other signaling pathways

UCA1 also participates in the regulation of other signaling pathways, including the Notch, Hippo and p53 signaling pathways. In human glioma, UCA1 knockdown inhibits the proliferation and migration of cells through miR-193a-mediated downregulation of CDK6, and blocks the Notch signaling pathway by decreasing the expression levels of phosphorylated Notch1, Notch2 and Notch3 proteins (61). In renal cell carcinoma, UCA1 upregulates Delta-like 4 (DLL4) expression by acting as a ceRNA of miR-182-5p, and induces the EMT process via the DLL4-mediated Notch pathway, which in turn promotes cell proliferation and migration, and inhibits apoptosis (11). Furthermore, UCA1 can form a ribonucleoprotein complex with Mps one binder kinase activator-1, large tumor suppressor 1 and YAP, which decreases the phosphorylation of YAP (105). Dephosphorylated YAP translocates into the nucleus and combines with TEAD protein, inhibiting the key proteins of the Hippo signaling pathway and promoting proliferation, migration and invasion of PC cells (105). Conversely, UCA1 activates the Hippo signaling pathway by downregulating miR-15a expression and increasing cell viability and EMT in human thyroid cancer (90). In cardiomyocytes, UCA1 inhibits H/R-induced apoptosis by decreasing miR-143 expression and suppressing its downstream p53 signaling pathway (77). Furthermore, UCA1 can regulate the p53 signaling pathway via miR-143 and MDM2; the Notch signaling pathway via CDK6 and DLL4 or regulate YAP and other signaling pathways, which promotes cell proliferation, EMT, migration and invasion, and inhibits cell apoptosis (11,61,105).

Clinical applications of UCA1

Several studies have reported that UCA1 has potential clinical applications (106109). Currently, there are three common clinical applications of UCA1: Acts as a diagnostic biomarker (110,111), prognostic biomarker (112,113) and therapeutic target (87). The use of UCA1 as a therapeutic target for reversing drug resistance has been extensively investigated (22,83).

UCA1 as a diagnostic biomarker

Early diagnosis is beneficial to the prognosis of diseases. Poor prognosis is mainly attributed to the metastasis of cancer cells, drug resistance and tumor recurrence, which are closely associated with late diagnosis (114). Thus, it is important to improve the early diagnostic rate of patients. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs have great potential to be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis, including UCA1 (115117).

UCA1 is highly specific and easy to be detected in serum, plasma and urine. Liquid biopsy is becoming a novel method for disease detection (72,118). In laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (110), NSCLC (111), osteosarcoma (72) and HCC (118), serum UCA1 levels of patients are higher than that of the healthy control population. Notably, UCA1 secreted by exosomes into the serum of patients can promote the development of prostate cancer (PCa) (114). In addition, serum UCA1 expression is significantly higher in patients with HCC than those with benign liver disease, which helps to distinguish the two groups (119). In non-cancerous diseases, UCA1 can limit the inflammatory responses in epilepsy (93), and UCA1 expression is higher in patients with non-refractory epilepsy than those with refractory epilepsy (120). Notably, combined measurement of UCA1 levels in serum and plasma can increase the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of some malignancies (119). In addition, UCA1 expression is higher in the urine of patients with PCa compared with healthy controls (114). Taken together, these findings suggest that UCA1 has the potential to be used as a biomarker for diagnosis and screening of diseases.

Increasing evidence suggest that the combination of UCA1 and other lncRNAs may exhibit better diagnostic performance. As a predictor of CRC, the combination of UCA1, HOXA transcript at the distal tip and plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 has better diagnostic performance compared with UCA1 alone, and can be used to screen patients with advanced CRC (115). Another study demonstrated that the combination of UCA1, gastric cancer high expressed transcript 1, taurine upregulated gene 1 and p21-associated ncRNA DNA damage activated can improve the diagnostic ability and significance of GC (116). Furthermore, when comparing patients with bladder cancer with healthy controls, the combination of UCA1, circFARSA and circSHKBP1 has better diagnostic performance compared with UCA1 alone (117).

Early differential diagnosis of cancer and precancerous lesions is an important method to decrease the risk of recurrence and improve prognosis (121). A study has demonstrated that the combination of UCA1, HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA, hydatidiform mole associated and imprinted and metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 can distinguish between patients with bladder cancer and patients with urocystitis, with a sensitivity and specificity of 95.7% and 94.3%, respectively (121). Collectively, these findings suggest that it is feasible to use UCA1 as a diagnostic biomarker. However, further studies are required to verify the clinical applications of UCA1.

UCA1 as a prognostic biomarker

With the rapid growth of disease morbidity and mortality, overall prognosis will become the principal determinant of global public health (122). Surgery is one of the routine therapies for cancer; however, its complications and recurrence affect the prognosis of patients (122). Recent studies have demonstrated that UCA1 is closely associated with clinicopathological characteristics, including vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage, and can be used as a prognostic biomarker of diseases (24,25,123). However, there is no doubt whether further investigation on the role of UCA1 as a prognostic marker will contribute to the treatment of cancer.

UCA1 is closely associated with tumor size, histological differentiation, stage of lymph node metastasis, depth of invasion, vascular invasion, OS, RFS and prognostic biomarkers (Table III). It has been reported that in some cancers, such as CRC (24), HCC (23), GC (8), adrenal cortical carcinoma (124) and esophageal cancer (125), survival probability of patients is associated with UCA1 expression. The Cancer Genome Atlas (https://cancergenome.nih.gov) data for lung adenocarcinoma revealed that the survival probability of patients with NSCLC, with high UCA1 expression, is unfavorable than those with low UCA1 expression (Fig. 3). Previous studies have suggested that overexpression of UCA1 in CRC indicates a large tumor, advanced TNM stage, deeply infiltrated lymph node, positive lymph node metastasis and poor OS (22,24). Other studies have reported that UCA1 expression in GC tissues and cells is positively associated with TNM stage, lymph node infiltration, lymph node metastasis and OS (8,9). Notably, UCA1 expression in the plasma of patients with GC significantly decreases following surgery (126). Thus, UCA1 can be used as an index of postoperative prognosis. In addition, UCA1 expression is significantly upregulated in SLE, which is positively associated with SLE disease activity index (18). Collectively, these findings suggest that UCA1 can be used as an independent prognostic factor to monitor the occurrence and development of diseases.

Table III.

Role of UCA1 in clinical correlation and prognosis of diseases.

Table III.

Role of UCA1 in clinical correlation and prognosis of diseases.

Disease Upregulation/downregulationClinical correlation(Refs.)
Renal cancerUpregulationDegree of differentiation, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis(11,107)
SLEUpregulationSLEDAI(18)
CRCUpregulationTumor size, tumor stage, lymph node infiltration, lymph node metastasis and OS(22,24)
HCCUpregulationTumor stage, TNM stage, Microvascular infiltration and OS(23)
GCUpregulationTNM stage, tumor stage, lymph node infiltration, lymph node metastasis and OS(8,9)
Tongue cancerUpregulationTNM staging, lymph node metastasis, lymph node infiltration and OS(46)
OsteosarcomaUpregulationTumor stage, tumor size and OS(72)
OSCCUpregulationTNM stage, lymph node metastasis and OS(108)
PTCUpregulationTumor size, tumor stage, lymph node metastasis and OS(26,82)
MMUpregulationOS(98,102)
PCUpregulationTumor stage and OS(27,105)
LSCCUpregulationLymph node metastasis and OS(110)
NSCLCUpregulationTNM stage, tumor size and OS(111)
PCaUpregulationEdmondson-Steiner grade, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis(112,114)
EpilepsyUpregulationClassification of epilepsy(120)
GliomaUpregulationTNM stage, tumor size, lymph node metastasis and OS(109)
CholangiocarcinomaUpregulationTNM stage, tumor stage, lymph node infiltration, lymph node metastasis, RFS and OS(10)
OCUpregulationTNM stage, lymph node metastasis and OS(128)
NPCUpregulationTumor stage, lymph node metastasis and OS(113)
ACCUpregulationTNM stage and lymph node metastasis(124)
LUADUpregulationTNM stage, lymph node metastasis, RFS and OS(28)
MelanomaUpregulationTumor stage and lymph node metastasis(106)
ECUpregulationDegree of differentiation, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and OS(125)

[i] UCA1, urothelial carcinoma associated 1; ACC, adrenal cortical carcinoma; CRC, colorectal cancer; EC, esophageal cancer; GC, gastric cancer; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; LSCC, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; MM, multiple myeloma; NPC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; OC, ovarian cancer; OS, overall survival; OSCC, oral squamous cell carcinoma; PC, pancreatic cancer; PCa, prostate cancer; PTC, papillary thyroid carcinoma; RFS, relapse-free survival; SLEDAI, systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index; TNM, tumor-node-metastasis.

UCA1 as a therapeutic target

With a better understanding of the pathogenesis of diseases, several molecules and signal transduction pathways are likely to be suitable for targeted therapy (122). Given that UCA1 exerts carcinogenic effects associated with several molecules and cascade reactions, it has been confirmed as an ideal therapeutic target (22,70,81). Targeted knockout of UCA1 can be used to improve radiosensitivity, inhibit cancer metastasis, prevent cancer growth in vivo, promote apoptosis and reverse drug resistance of cancer cells (21,37,72). Clinical applications of UCA1 as a therapeutic target for reversing drug resistance has attracted great interest (21,127). UCA1 is also known as a cancer upregulated drug resistant gene (87). Previous studies have reported that downregulating UCA1 expression can reverse drug resistance in cancers, and some drugs for chemotherapy exert an anticancer role by mediating UCA1 (Table IV), including cisplatin (70,81), tamoxifen (83), paclitaxel (128), 5-FU (22), Adriamycin (129), temozolomide (81), cetuximab (130), trastuzumab (131), imatinib (132), docetaxel (133) and gemcitabine (70). These drugs provide the possibility of chemotherapy-related clinical applications, and studies have demonstrated that UCA1 knockdown can reverse multidrug resistance in retinoblastoma (127) and bladder cancer (21). In addition, the combination of UCA1-targeted therapy and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint blockade has a better synergistic effect following CRISPR-Cas9-mediated UCA1 knockdown (134). However, further studies are required to confirm the therapeutic value of UCA1 for diseases.

Table IV.

Role of UCA1 in tumor drug resistance.

Table IV.

Role of UCA1 in tumor drug resistance.

Cancer typeDrug resistanceMechanisms(Refs.)
PDAC5-FUUCA1 promotes EMT by activating the AKT and ERK signaling pathways in PDAC cells(16)
Bladder cancer Cisplatin/gemcitabineUCA1 inhibits cisplatin/gemcitabine-induced apoptosis via targeting p27Kip1(70)
Bladder cancerCisplatinUCA1 upregulates Wnt6 expression(12)
Bladder cancerMultidrug resistanceUCA1 inhibits autophagy by upregulating ATG7 expression(21)
OCPaclitaxelUCA1 upregulates ABCB1 expression(128)
CRC5-FUUCA1 upregulates CREB1 expression(22)
AMLAdriamycinUCA1 upregulates the HK2 expression(129)
BCTamoxifenUCA1 activates the mTOR signaling pathway(74)
BCTamoxifenUCA1 activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway(83)
BCTrastuzumabUCA1 upregulates YAP1 expression(131)
Glioma Cisplatin/temozolomideUCA1 activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway(81)
CRCCetuximabUCA1 in exosomes transmits cetuximab resistance(130)
CMLImatinibUCA1 upregulates MDR1 expression(132)
PCaDocetaxelUCA1 upregulates Sirt1 expression(133)
RetinoblastomaMultidrug resistanceUCA1 upregulates STMN1 expression(127)

[i] UCA1, urothelial carcinoma associated 1; 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; BC, breast cancer; CML, chronic myeloid leukemia; CRC, colorectal cancer; CREB1, cAMP response element-binding protein 1; HK2, hexokinase 2; MDR1, multidrug resistance protein 1; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; OC, ovarian cancer; PCa, prostate cancer; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; STMN1, stathmin 1; YAP1, yes-associated protein 1.

Conclusions and perspective

UCA1 can regulate a series of signaling pathways by acting as a ceRNA of several miRNAs, and affect epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. It plays a regulatory role in several biological functions, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and drug resistance. In addition, UCA1 can be used as a potential biomarker for disease diagnosis and treatment. For some diseases, the combination of UCA1 and other lncRNAs has demonstrated better diagnostic and screening performance. Strategies, such as CRISPR-Cas9 system or siRNA-mediated knockout, and the combination of UCA1-targeted therapy and PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade may be used to transform UCA1 from basic research into clinical practice.

Recently, although great progress has been made in understanding the biology of UCA1, even in its therapeutic applications, several unknown areas in UCA1 research remain. First, the lack of effective methods to investigate RNA secondary and tertiary structures and nuclear ultrastructure of UCA1 impedes the study on the composition of its isoforms and tissue-specific regulation (4). Secondly, several studies have confirmed that lncRNAs can promote the drug resistance of cancer cells by regulating their stemness feature (27,135,136,104); however, the mechanism by which UCA1 affects the drug resistance of cancer stem cells remains unclear. Some lncRNAs may play important regulatory roles in cellular biological processes via multiple pathways (5,6). However, whether binding miRNAs affects the expression or function of UCA1 remains unclear. In conclusion, UCA1, as a well-known lncRNA with great clinical potential, requires increasing comprehension and in-depth study.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

The present review was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81870105 and 81770107), the Scientific Research Fund Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission (grant no. 20201921), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant no. 2018YFA0107800) and the Scientific Research and Innovation Project of postgraduates in Hunan Province (grant no. CX20200970).

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Authors' contributions

ZL and YW contributed to drafting the review and figures. SY, FW, and JL revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. JZ and LZ conceived the project and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. ZL and YW confirm the authenticity of all the raw data. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Glossary

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:

5-FU

5-fluorouracil

AML

acute myeloid leukemia

ARID1A

AT-rich interaction domain 1A

BC

breast cancer

BMP9

bone morphogenetic protein 9

BRG1

brahma-related gene 1

C/EBPα

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α

CCND1

cyclin D1

CDK6

cyclin-dependent kinase 6

ceRNA

competitive endogenous RNA

CLIC1

chloride intracellular channel 1

CRC

colorectal cancer

CREB

cAMP response element-binding

CXCR4

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4

DLL4

Delta-like 4

DN

diabetic nephropathy

EMT

epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

EP300

E1A binding protein p300

EZH2

enhancer of zeste homolog 2

GC

gastric cancer

H/R

hypoxia/reoxygenation

H3K9me3

histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation

HCC

hepatocellular carcinoma

HULC

highly upregulated in liver cancer

lncRNA

long non-coding RNA

miRNA/miR

microRNA

MM

multiple myeloma

mTOR

mammalian target of rapamycin

NSCLC

non-small cell lung cancer

OGD

oxygen-glucose deprivation

ORFs

open reading frames

OS

overall survival

PC

pancreatic cancer

PD

Parkinson's disease

PD-1

programmed cell death 1

PDAC

pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

RAC1

RAS-related C3 botulinus toxin substrate 1

RFS

relapse-free survival

SLE

systemic lupus erythematosus

TCC

transitional cell carcinoma

TEAD

TEA domain

TGF-β

transforming growth factor-β

TNM

tumor-node-metastasis

UCA1

urothelial carcinoma associated 1

YAP

yes-associated protein

References

1 

Kopp F and Mendell JT: Functional classification and experimental dissection of long noncoding RNAs. Cell. 172:393–407. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Cao H, Wahlestedt C and Kapranov P: Strategies to annotate and characterize long noncoding RNAs: Advantages and pitfalls. Trends Genet. 34:704–721. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Kaikkonen MU and Adelman K: Emerging roles of non-coding RNA transcription. Trends Biochem Sci. 43:654–667. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Qian X, Zhao J, Yeung PY, Zhang QC and Kwok CK: Revealing lncRNA structures and interactions by sequencing-based approaches. Trends Biochem Sci. 44:33–52. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Xiao G, Yao J, Kong D, Ye C, Chen R, Li L, Zeng T, Wang L, Zhang W, Shi X, et al: The Long Noncoding RNA TTTY15, Which is located on the Y chromosome, promotes prostate cancer progression by sponging let-7. Eur Urol. 76:315–326. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Kim J, Piao HL, Kim BJ, Yao F, Han Z, Wang Y, Xiao Z, Siverly AN, Lawhon SE, Ton BN, et al: Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 suppresses breast cancer metastasis. Nat Genet. 50:1705–1715. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Wang XS, Zhang Z, Wang HC, Cai JL, Xu QW, Li MQ, Chen YC, Qian XP, Lu TJ, Yu LZ, et al: Rapid identification of UCA1 as a very sensitive and specific unique marker for human bladder carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 12:4851–4858. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Cao Y, Xiong JB, Zhang GY, Liu Y, Jie ZG and Li ZR: Long noncoding RNA UCA1 regulates PRL-3 expression by sponging MicroRNA-495 to promote the progression of gastric cancer. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 19:853–864. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Wang CJ, Zhu CC, Xu J, Wang M, Zhao WY, Liu Q, Zhao G and Zhang ZZ: The lncRNA UCA1 promotes proliferation, migration, immune escape and inhibits apoptosis in gastric cancer by sponging anti-tumor miRNAs. Mol Cancer. 18:1152019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Li O, Yi W, Yang P, Guo C and Peng C: Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promotes proliferation and invasion of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells through targeting microRNA-122. Exp Ther Med. 18:25–32. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Wang W, Hu W, Wang Y, An Y, Song L, Shang P and Yue Z: Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promotes malignant phenotypes of renal cancer cells by modulating the miR-182-5p/DLL4 axis as a ceRNA. Mol Cancer. 19:182020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Fan Y, Shen B, Tan M, Mu X, Qin Y, Zhang F and Liu Y: Long non-coding RNA UCA1 increases chemoresistance of bladder cancer cells by regulating Wnt signaling. Febs J. 281:1750–1758. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Pei S, Chen J, Lu J, Hu S, Jiang L, Lei L, Ouyang Y, Fu C, Ding Y, Li S, et al: The long noncoding RNA UCA1 negatively regulates melanogenesis in melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 140:152–163.e5. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Neve B, Jonckheere N, Vincent A and Van Seuningen I: Epigenetic Regulation by lncRNAs: An Overview Focused on UCA1 in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 10:4402018. View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Liao K, Xu J, Yang W, You X, Zhong Q and Wang X: The research progress of LncRNA involved in the regulation of inflammatory diseases. Mol Immunol. 101:182–188. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Liang X, Qi M, Wu R, Liu A, Chen D, Tang L, Chen J, Hu X, Li W, Zhan L, et al: Long non-coding RNA CUDR promotes malignant phenotypes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via activating AKT and ERK signaling pathways. Int J Oncol. 53:2671–2682. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

17 

Yu Y, Li M, Song Y, Xu J and Qi F: Overexpression of long noncoding RNA CUDR promotes hepatic differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Med Rep. 21:1051–1058. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Jiang CR and Li TH: Circulating UCA1 is highly expressed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and promotes the progression through the AKT pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 22:2364–2371. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Shi CH, Huang Y, Li WQ and Chen RG: Influence of LncRNA UCA1 on glucose metabolism in rats with diabetic nephropathy through PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 23:10058–10064. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

20 

Cai L, Tu L, Li T, Yang X, Ren Y, Gu R, Zhang Q, Yao H, Qu X, Wang Q and Tian J: Downregulation of lncRNA UCA1 ameliorates the damage of dopaminergic neurons, reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in Parkinson's disease through the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 75:1057342019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Wu J, Li W, Ning J, Yu W, Rao T and Cheng F: Long noncoding RNA UCA1 targets miR-582-5p and contributes to the progression and drug resistance of bladder cancer cells through ATG7-mediated autophagy inhibition. Onco Targets Ther. 12:495–508. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Bian Z, Jin L, Zhang J, Yin Y, Quan C, Hu Y, Feng Y, Liu H, Fei B, Mao Y, et al: LncRNA-UCA1 enhances cell proliferation and 5-fluorouracil resistance in colorectal cancer by inhibiting miR-204-5p. Sci Rep. 6:238922016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Zhao B, Lu Y, Cao X, Zhu W, Kong L, Ji H, Zhang F, Lin X, Guan Q, Ou K, et al: MiRNA-124 inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cell in hepatocellular carcinoma by downregulating lncRNA-UCA1. Onco Targets Ther. 12:4509–4516. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Luan Y, Li X, Luan Y, Zhao R, Li Y, Liu L, Hao Y, Oleg Vladimir B and Jia L: Circulating lncRNA UCA1 promotes malignancy of colorectal cancer via the miR-143/MYO6 Axis. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 19:790–803. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Li F and Hu CP: Long Non-Coding RNA urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1): Insight into its role in human diseases. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 25:191–197. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Li N, Cui M, Yu P and Li Q: Correlations of lncRNAs with cervical lymph node metastasis and prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther. 12:1269–1278. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Liu Y, Feng W, Gu S, Wang H, Zhang Y, Chen W, Xu W, Lin C, Gong A and Xu M: The UCA1/KRAS axis promotes human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma stem cell properties and tumor growth. Am J Cancer Res. 9:496–510. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Chen L, Cao P, Wu Q, Guo Y, Yang Y and Chen F: Overexpression of LncRNA-UCA1 correlates with lung adenocarcinoma progression and poor Prognosis. Clin Lab. 65:2019. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Lee JJ, Kim M and Kim HP: Epigenetic regulation of long noncoding RNA UCA1 by SATB1 in breast cancer. BMB Rep. 49:578–583. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Guo X, Zhang Y, Mayakonda A, Madan V, Ding LW, Lin LH, Zia S, Gery S, Tyner JW, Zhou W, et al: ARID1A and CEBPα cooperatively inhibit UCA1 transcription in breast cancer. Oncogene. 37:5939–5951. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Sadek KM, Lebda MA, Nasr NE, Nasr SM and El-Sayed Y: Role of lncRNAs as prognostic markers of hepatic cancer and potential therapeutic targeting by S-adenosylmethionine via inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 25:20057–20070. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Xue M, Li X, Wu W, Zhang S, Wu S, Li Z and Chen W: Upregulation of long non-coding RNA urothelial carcinoma associated 1 by CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha contributes to bladder cancer cell growth and reduced apoptosis. Oncol Rep. 31:1993–2000. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Li GY, Wang W, Sun JY, Xin B, Zhang X, Wang T, Zhang QF, Yao LB, Han H, Fan DM, et al: Long non-coding RNAs AC026904.1 and UCA1: A ‘one-two punch’ for TGF-β-induced SNAI2 activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. Theranostics. 8:2846–2861. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Jin B, Gong Y, Li H, Jiao L, Xin D, Gong Y, He Z, Zhou L, Jin Y, Wang X, et al: C/EBPβ promotes the viability of human bladder cancer cell by contributing to the transcription of bladder cancer specific lncRNA UCA1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 506:674–679. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Wu W, Zhang S, Li X, Xue M, Cao S and Chen W: Ets-2 regulates cell apoptosis via the Akt pathway, through the regulation of urothelial cancer associated 1, a long non-coding RNA, in bladder cancer cells. PLoS One. 8:e739202013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Wang ZQ, Cai Q, Hu L, He CY, Li JF, Quan ZW, Liu BY, Li C and Zhu ZG: Long noncoding RNA UCA1 induced by SP1 promotes cell proliferation via recruiting EZH2 and activating AKT pathway in gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis. 8:e28392017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Cui X, Zhao C, Yao X, Qian B, Su C, Ren Y, Yao Z, Gao X and Yang J: SND1 acts as an anti-apoptotic factor via regulating the expression of lncRNA UCA1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. RNA Biol. 15:1364–1375. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Su Y, Zhou Y, Sun YJ, Wang YL, Yin JY, Huang YJ, Zhang JJ, He AN, Han K, Zhang HZ, et al: Macrophage-derived CCL18 promotes osteosarcoma proliferation and migration by upregulating the expression of UCA1. J Mol Med (Berl). 97:49–61. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Bourguignon LYW: Matrix hyaluronan-CD44 interaction activates MicroRNA and LncRNA Signaling Associated With chemoresistance, invasion, and tumor progression. Front Oncol. 9:4922019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Hung YP, Redig A, Hornick JL and Sholl LM: ARID1A mutations and expression loss in non-small cell lung carcinomas: Clinicopathologic and molecular analysis. Mod Pathol. 33:2256–2268. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Wang T, Gao X, Zhou K, Jiang T, Gao S, Liu P, Zuo X and Shi X: Role of ARID1A in epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer and its effect on cell sensitivity to 5-FU. Int J Mol Med. 46:1683–1694. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Ferri-Borgogno S, Barui S, McGee AM, Griffiths T, Singh PK, Piett CG, Ghosh B, Bhattacharyya S, Singhi A, Pradhan K, et al: Paradoxical Role of AT-rich interactive domain 1a in restraining pancreatic carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel). 12:26952020. View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Kumar PP, Emechebe U, Smith R, Franklin S, Moore B, Yandell M, Lessnick SL and Moon AM: Coordinated control of senescence by lncRNA and a novel T-box3 co-repressor complex. Elife. 3:e028052014. View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Huang J, Zhou N, Watabe K, Lu Z, Wu F, Xu M and Mo YY: Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promotes breast tumor growth by suppression of p27 (Kip1). Cell Death Dis. 5:e10082014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Zhou Y, Meng X, Chen S, Li W, Li D, Singer R and Gu W: IMP1 regulates UCA1-mediated cell invasion through facilitating UCA1 decay and decreasing the sponge effect of UCA1 for miR-122-5p. Breast Cancer Res. 20:322018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Zhang TH, Liang LZ, Liu XL, Wu JN, Su K, Chen JY and Zheng QY: LncRNA UCA1/miR-124 axis modulates TGFβ1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion of tongue cancer cells through JAG1/Notch signaling. J Cell Biochem. 120:10495–10504. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Hiemer SE, Szymaniak AD and Varelas X: The transcriptional regulators TAZ and YAP direct transforming growth factor beta-induced tumorigenic phenotypes in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 289:13461–13474. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Guo J, Li Y, Duan H and Yuan L: Metformin suppresses the proliferation and promotes the apoptosis of colon cancer cells through inhibiting the expression of long noncoding RNA-UCA1. Onco Targets Ther. 13:4169–4181. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Li T, Sun X and Jiang X: UCA1 involved in the metformin-regulated bladder cancer cell proliferation and glycolysis. Tumour Biol. 39:10104283177108232017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Guo M, Zhou JJ and Huang W: Metformin alleviates endometrial hyperplasia through the UCA1/miR144/TGFbeta1/AKT signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med. 45:623–633. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

51 

Ding Y, Yuan X, Gu W and Lu L: Treatment with metformin prevents pre-eclampsia by suppressing migration of trophoblast cells via modulating the signaling pathway of UCA1/miR-204/MMP-9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 520:115–121. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Zha Z, Han Q, Liu W and Huo S: lncRNA GAS8-AS1 downregulates lncRNA UCA1 to inhibit osteosarcoma cell migration and invasion. J Orthop Surg Res. 15:382020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Zhou Y, Li Y, Wang N, Li X, Zheng J and Ge L: UPF1 inhibits the hepatocellular carcinoma progression by targeting long non-coding RNA UCA1. Sci Rep. 9:66522019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Pan J, Dai Q, Zhang T and Li C: Palmitate acid promotes gastric cancer metastasis via FABP5/SP1/UCA1 pathway. Cancer Cell Int. 19:692019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Jahangiri B, Khalaj-Kondori M, Asadollahi E and Sadeghizadeh M: Cancer-associated fibroblasts enhance cell proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer SW480 cells by provoking long noncoding RNA UCA1. J Cell Commun Signal. 13:53–64. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Hu JJ, Song W, Zhang SD, Shen XH, Qiu XM, Wu HZ, Gong PH, Lu S, Zhao ZJ, He ML and Fan H: HBx-upregulated lncRNA UCA1 promotes cell growth and tumorigenesis by recruiting EZH2 and repressing p27Kip1/CDK2 signaling. Sci Rep. 6:235212016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Lv S, Yuan P, Lu C, Dong J, Li M, Qu F, Zhu Y and Zhang J: QiShenYiQi pill activates autophagy to attenuate reactive myocardial fibrosis via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Aging (Albany NY). Feb 11–2021.(Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.18632/aging.202482. View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Zhou S, Zhu Y, Li Z, Zhu Y, He Z and Zhang C: Exosome-derived long non-coding RNA ADAMTS9-AS2 suppresses progression of oral submucous fibrosis via AKT signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med. 25:2262–2273. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Goyal B, Yadav SRM, Awasthee N, Gupta S, Kunnumakkara AB and Gupta SC: Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 1875:1885022021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Ghafouri-Fard S, Abak A, Tondro Anamag F, Shoorei H, Majidpoor J and Taheri M: The emerging role of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of PI3K/AKT pathway in the carcinogenesis process. Biomed Pharmacother. 137:1112792021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Xin H, Liu N, Xu X, Zhang J, Li Y, Ma Y, Li G and Liang J: Knockdown of lncRNA-UCA1 inhibits cell viability and migration of human glioma cells by miR-193a-mediated downregulation of CDK6. J Cell Biochem. 120:15157–15169. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Sun MD, Zheng YQ, Wang LP, Zhao HT and Yang S: Long noncoding RNA UCA1 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion of human leukemia cells via sponging miR-126. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 22:2233–2245. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

63 

Sun S, Wu Y, Guo W, Yu F, Kong L, Ren Y, Wang Y, Yao X, Jing C, Zhang C, et al: STAT3/HOTAIR signaling axis regulates HNSCC growth in an EZH2-dependent manner. Clin Cancer Res. 24:2665–2677. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Yang R, Wang M, Zhang G, Bao Y, Wu Y, Li X, Yang W and Cui H: E2F7-EZH2 axis regulates PTEN/AKT/mTOR signalling and glioblastoma progression. Br J Cancer. 123:1445–1455. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Han H, Wang S, Meng J, Lyu G, Ding G, Hu Y, Wang L, Wu L, Yang W, Lv Y, et al: Long noncoding RNA PART1 restrains aggressive gastric cancer through the epigenetic silencing of PDGFB via the PLZF-mediated recruitment of EZH2. Oncogene. 39:6513–6528. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Cha TL, Zhou BP, Xia W, Wu Y, Yang CC, Chen CT, Ping B, Otte AP and Hung MC: Akt-mediated phosphorylation of EZH2 suppresses methylation of lysine 27 in histone H3. Science. 310:306–310. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Chen P, Wan D, Zheng D, Zheng Q, Wu F and Zhi Q: Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promotes the tumorigenesis in pancreatic cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 83:1220–1226. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Yang C, Li X, Wang Y, Zhao L and Chen W: Long non-coding RNA UCA1 regulated cell cycle distribution via CREB through PI3-K dependent pathway in bladder carcinoma cells. Gene. 496:8–16. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Wang X, Gong Y, Jin B, Wu C, Yang J, Wang L, Zhang Z and Mao Z: Long non-coding RNA urothelial carcinoma associated 1 induces cell replication by inhibiting BRG1 in 5637 cells. Oncol Rep. 32:1281–1290. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Pan J, Li X, Wu W, Xue M, Hou H, Zhai W and Chen W: Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promotes cisplatin/gemcitabine resistance through CREB modulating miR-196a-5p in bladder cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 382:64–76. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Li T, Xiao Y and Huang T: HIF1-α-ainduced upregulation of lncRNA UCA1 promotes cell growth in osteosarcoma by inactivating the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway. Oncol Rep. 39:1072–1080. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

72 

Ma H, Su R, Feng H, Guo Y and Su G: Long noncoding RNA UCA1 promotes osteosarcoma metastasis through CREB1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. J Bone Oncol. 16:1002282019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Wu ZR, Yan L, Liu YT, Cao L, Guo YH, Zhang Y, Yao H, Cai L, Shang HB, Rui WW, et al: Inhibition of mTORC1 by lncRNA H19 via disrupting 4E-BP1/Raptor interaction in pituitary tumours. Nat Commun. 9:46242018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Wu C and Luo J: Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (UCA1) enhances tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells via inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway. Med Sci Monit. 22:3860–3867. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Popova NV and Jücker M: The Role of mTOR Signaling as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 22:17432021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Zhang Z, Li H, Cui Z, Zhou Z, Chen S, Ma J, Hou L, Pan X and Li Q: Long non-coding RNA UCA1 relieves cardiomyocytes H9c2 injury aroused by oxygen-glucose deprivation via declining miR-122. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 47:3492–3499. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Wang QS, Zhou J and Li X: LncRNA UCA1 protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation induced apoptosis through inhibiting miR-143/MDM2/p53 axis. Genomics. 112:574–580. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Zhang J and Zhang C: Silence of long non-coding RNA UCA1 inhibits hemangioma cells growth, migration and invasion by up-regulation of miR-200c. Life Sci. 226:33–46. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Li Z, Li X, Wu S, Xue M and Chen W: Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promotes glycolysis by upregulating hexokinase 2 through the mTOR-STAT3/microRNA143 pathway. Cancer Sci. 105:951–955. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

van Andel H, Kocemba KA, Spaargaren M and Pals ST: Aberrant Wnt signaling in multiple myeloma: molecular mechanisms and targeting options. Leukemia. 33:1063–1075. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Zhang B, Fang S, Cheng Y, Zhou C and Deng F: The long non-coding RNA, urothelial carcinoma associated 1, promotes cell growth, invasion, migration, and chemo-resistance in glioma through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY). 11:8239–8253. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Lu HW and Liu XD: UCA1 promotes papillary thyroid carcinoma development by stimulating cell proliferation via Wnt pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 22:5576–5582. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

83 

Liu H, Wang G, Yang L, Qu J, Yang Z and Zhou X: Knockdown of long non-coding RNA UCA1 increases the tamoxifen sensitivity of breast cancer cells through inhibition of Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. PLoS One. 11:e01684062016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Chen X, Gao J, Yu Y, Zhao Z and Pan Y: Long non-coding RNA UCA1 targets miR-185-5p and regulates cell mobility by affecting epithelial-mesenchymal transition in melanoma via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Gene. 676:298–305. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Zhu G, Liu X, Su Y, Kong F, Hong X and Lin Z: Knockdown of urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 suppressed cell growth and migration through regulating miR-301a and CXCR4 in osteosarcoma MHCC97 Cells. Oncol Res. 27:55–64. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Chen T, Chen Z, Lian X, Wu W, Chu L, Zhang S and Wang L: MUC 15 promotes osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion through livin, MMP-2/MMP-9 and Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. J Cancer. 12:467–473. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Gui X, Li H, Li T, Pu H and Lu D: Long Noncoding RNA CUDR regulates HULC and β-catenin to govern human liver stem cell malignant differentiation. Mol Ther. 23:1843–1853. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Lombard DB, Cierpicki T and Grembecka J: Combined MAPK Pathway and HDAC Inhibition Breaks Melanoma. Cancer Discov. 9:469–471. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Kong L, Wu Q, Zhao L, Ye J, Li N and Yang H: Upregulated lncRNA-UCA1 contributes to metastasis of bile duct carcinoma through regulation of miR-122/CLIC1 and activation of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. Cell Cycle. 18:1212–1228. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Li D, Hao S and Zhang J: Long non-coding RNA UCA1 exerts growth modulation by miR-15a in human thyroid cancer TPC-1 cells. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 47:1815–1822. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Nixon CC, Mavigner M, Sampey GC, Brooks AD, Spagnuolo RA, Irlbeck DM, Mattingly C, Ho PT, Schoof N, Cammon CG, et al: Systemic HIV and SIV latency reversal via non-canonical NF-κB signalling in vivo. Nature. 578:160–165. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Zheng Q, Lin Z, Li X, Xin X, Wu M, An J, Gui X, Li T, Pu H, Li H and Lu D: Inflammatory cytokine IL6 cooperates with CUDR to aggravate hepatocyte-like stem cells malignant transformation through NF-κB signaling. Sci Rep. 6:368432016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Yu Q, Zhao MW and Yang P: LncRNA UCA1 suppresses the inflammation via modulating miR-203-mediated regulation of MEF2C/NF-κB signaling pathway in epilepsy. Neurochem Res. 45:783–795. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Qin L, Jia Z, Xie D and Liu Z: Knockdown of long noncoding RNA urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 inhibits cell viability, migration, and invasion by regulating microRNA-182 in gastric carcinoma. J Cell Biochem. 119:10075–10086. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

de Bock CE, Demeyer S, Degryse S, Verbeke D, Sweron B, Gielen O, Vandepoel R, Vicente C, Vanden Bempt M, Dagklis A, et al: HOXA9 cooperates with activated JAK/STAT signaling to drive leukemia development. Cancer Discov. 8:616–631. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Jiang H, Zhu M, Wang H and Liu H: Suppression of lncRNA MALAT1 reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines production by regulating miR-150-5p/ZBTB4 axis through JAK/STAT signal pathway in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Cytokine. 138:1553972021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Yang W, Qian Y, Gao K, Zheng W, Wu G, He Q, Chen Q, Song Y, Wang L, Wang Y, et al: LncRNA BRCAT54 inhibits the tumorigenesis of non-small cell lung cancer by binding to RPS9 to transcriptionally regulate JAK-STAT and calcium pathway genes. Carcinogenesis. 42:80–92. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Li JL, Liu XL, Guo SF, Yang Y, Zhu YL and Li JZ: Long noncoding RNA UCA1 regulates proliferation and apoptosis in multiple myeloma by targeting miR-331-3p/IL6R axis for the activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 23:9238–9250. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

99 

Liu J, Luo C, Zhang C, Cai Q, Lin J, Zhu T and Huang X: Upregulated lncRNA UCA1 inhibits trophoblast cell invasion and proliferation by downregulating JAK2. J Cell Physiol. 235:7410–7419. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Wang H, Yao G, Li L, Ma Z, Chen J and Chen W: LncRNA-UCA1 inhibits the astrocyte activation in the temporal lobe epilepsy via regulating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem. 121:4261–4270. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

101 

Xu J, Shao T, Song M, Xie Y, Zhou J, Yin J, Ding N, Zou H, Li Y and Zhang J: MIR22HG acts as a tumor suppressor via TGFβ/SMAD signaling and facilitates immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer. 19:512020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Zhang ZS, Wang J, Zhu BQ and Ge L: Long noncoding RNA UCA1 promotes multiple myeloma cell growth by targeting TGF-beta. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 22:1374–1379. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

103 

Shu T, He L, Wang X, Pang M, Yang B, Feng F, Wu Z, Liu C, Zhang S, Liu B, et al: Long noncoding RNA UCA1 promotes chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via miRNA-145-5p/SMAD5 and miRNA-124-3p/SMAD4 axis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 514:316–322. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Li Z, Liu H, Zhong Q, Wu J and Tang Z: LncRNA UCA1 is necessary for TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness via acting as a ceRNA for Slug in glioma cells. FEBS Open Bio. 8:1855–1865. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Zhang M, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Wang D, Gu S, Feng W, Peng W, Gong A and Xu M: LncRNA UCA1 promotes migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells via the Hippo pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 1864:1770–1782. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Tian Y, Zhang X, Hao Y, Fang Z and He Y: Potential roles of abnormally expressed long noncoding RNA UCA1 and Malat-1 in metastasis of melanoma. Melanoma Res. 24:335–341. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Liu Q, Li Y, Lv W, Zhang G, Tian X, Li X, Cheng H and Zhu C: UCA1 promotes cell proliferation and invasion and inhibits apoptosis through regulation of the miR129-SOX4 pathway in renal cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther. 11:2475–2487. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Duan Q, Xu M, Wu M, Zhang X, Gan M and Jiang H: Long noncoding RNA UCA1 promotes cell growth, migration, and invasion by targeting miR-143-3p in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Med. 9:3115–3129. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Li ZG, Xiang WC, Shui SF, Han XW, Guo D and Yan L: 11 Long noncoding RNA UCA1 functions as miR-135a sponge to promote the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in glioma. J Cell Biochem. 121:2447–2457. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Sun S, Gong C and Yuan K: LncRNA UCA1 promotes cell proliferation, invasion and migration of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med. 17:1182–1189. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

111 

Chen X, Wang Z, Tong F, Dong X, Wu G and Zhang R: lncRNA UCA1 Promotes Gefitinib Resistance as a ceRNA to Target FOSL2 by Sponging miR-143 in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 19:643–653. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

He C, Lu X, Yang F, Qin L, Guo Z, Sun Y and Wu J: LncRNA UCA1 acts as a sponge of miR-204 to up-regulate CXCR4 expression and promote prostate cancer progression. Biosci Rep. 39:BSR201814652019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

113 

Han R, Chen S, Wang J, Zhao Y and Li G: LncRNA UCA1 affects epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, migration and apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cell Cycle. 18:3044–3053. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Yu Y, Gao F, He Q, Li G and Ding G: lncRNA UCA1 functions as a ceRNA to promote prostate cancer progression via sponging miR143. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 19:751–758. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Gharib E, Anaraki F, Baghdar K, Ghavidel P, Sadeghi H, Nasrabadi PN, Peyravian N, Aghdaei HA, Zali MR and Mojarad EN: Investigating the diagnostic performance of HOTTIP, PVT1, and UCA1 long noncoding RNAs as a predictive panel for the screening of colorectal cancer patients with lymph node metastasis. J Cell Biochem. 120:14780–14790. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

116 

Esfandi F, Taheri M, Kholghi Oskooei V and Ghafouri-Fard S: Long noncoding RNAs expression in gastric cancer. J Cell Biochem. 120:13802–13809. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Pan J, Xie X, Li H, Li Z, Ren C and Ming L: Detection of serum long non-coding RNA UCA1 and circular RNAs for the diagnosis of bladder cancer and prediction of recurrence. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 12:2951–2958. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

118 

Hu ML, Wang XY and Chen WM: TGF-β1 upregulates the expression of lncRNA UCA1 and its downstream HXK2 to promote the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 22:4846–4854. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

119 

Zheng ZK, Pang C, Yang Y, Duan Q, Zhang J and Liu WC: Serum long noncoding RNA urothelial carcinoma-associated 1: A novel biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Int Med Res. 46:348–356. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

120 

Mirzajani S, Ghafouri-Fard S, Habibabadi JM, Arsang-Jang S, Omrani MD, Fesharaki SSH, Sayad A and Taheri M: Expression analysis of lncRNAs in refractory and non-refractory epileptic patients. J Mol Neurosci. 70:689–698. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

121 

Yu X, Wang R, Han C, Wang Z and Jin X: A panel of urinary long non-coding RNAs differentiate bladder cancer from urocystitis. J Cancer. 11:781–787. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Mahvi DA, Liu R, Grinstaff MW, Colson YL and Raut CP: Local cancer recurrence: The realities, challenges, and opportunities for new therapies. CA Cancer J Clin. 68:488–505. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

123 

Yao F, Wang Q and Wu Q: The prognostic value and mechanisms of lncRNA UCA1 in human cancer. Cancer Manag Res. 11:7685–7696. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

124 

Guo N, Sun Q, Fu D and Zhang Y: Long non-coding RNA UCA1 promoted the growth of adrenocortical cancer cells via modulating the miR-298-CDK6 axis. Gene. 703:26–34. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

125 

Kang K, Huang YH, Li HP and Guo SM: Expression of UCA1 and MALAT1 long-chain non-coding RNAs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissues is predictive of patient prognosis. Arch Med Sci. 14:752–759. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

126 

Tang X, Yu L, Bao J, Jiang P and Yan F: Function of long noncoding RNA UCA1 on gastric cancer cells and its clinicopathological significance in plasma. Clin Lab. Nov 1–2019.(Epub ahead of print). doi: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2019.181233. View Article : Google Scholar

127 

Yang L, Zhang L, Lu L and Wang Y: lncRNA UCA1 increases proliferation and multidrug resistance of retinoblastoma cells through downregulating miR-513a-5p. DNA Cell Biol. 39:69–77. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

128 

Wang J, Ye C, Liu J and Hu Y: UCA1 confers paclitaxel resistance to ovarian cancer through miR-129/ABCB1 axis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 501:1034–1040. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

129 

Zhang Y, Liu Y and Xu X: Knockdown of LncRNA-UCA1 suppresses chemoresistance of pediatric AML by inhibiting glycolysis through the microRNA-125a/hexokinase 2 pathway. J Cell Biochem. 119:6296–6308. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

130 

Yang YN, Zhang R, Du JW, Yuan HH, Li YJ, Wei XL, Du XX, Jiang SL and Han Y: Predictive role of UCA1-containing exosomes in cetuximab-resistant colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int. 18:1642018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

131 

Zhu HY, Bai WD, Ye XM, Yang AG and Jia LT: Long non-coding RNA UCA1 desensitizes breast cancer cells to trastuzumab by impeding miR-18a repression of Yes-associated protein 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 496:1308–1313. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

132 

Xiao Y, Jiao C, Lin Y, Chen M, Zhang J, Wang J and Zhang Z: lncRNA UCA1 contributes to imatinib resistance by acting as a ceRNA against miR-16 in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. DNA Cell Biol. 36:18–25. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

133 

Wang X, Yang B and Ma B: The UCA1/miR-204/Sirt1 axis modulates docetaxel sensitivity of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 78:1025–1031. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

134 

Zhen S, Lu J, Chen W, Zhao L and Li X: Synergistic antitumor effect on bladder cancer by rational combination of programmed cell death 1 blockade and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated long non-coding RNA urothelial carcinoma associated 1 knockout. Hum Gene Ther. 29:1352–1363. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

135 

Misale S, Yaeger R, Hobor S, Scala E, Janakiraman M, Liska D, Valtorta E, Schiavo R, Buscarino M, Siravegna G, et al: Emergence of KRAS mutations and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer. Nature. 486:532–536. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

136 

Liang F, Ren C, Wang J, Wang S, Yang L, Han X, Chen Y, Tong G and Yang G: The crosstalk between STAT3 and p53/RAS signaling controls cancer cell metastasis and cisplatin resistance via the Slug/MAPK/PI3K/AKT-mediated regulation of EMT and autophagy. Oncogenesis. 8:592019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

Journal Cover

May-2021
Volume 21 Issue 5

Print ISSN: 1792-1074
Online ISSN:1792-1082

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liu Z, Wang Y, Yuan S, Wen F, Liu J, Zou L and Zhang J: Regulatory role of long non‑coding RNA UCA1 in signaling pathways and its clinical applications (Review). Oncol Lett 21: 404, 2021.
APA
Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Yuan, S., Wen, F., Liu, J., Zou, L., & Zhang, J. (2021). Regulatory role of long non‑coding RNA UCA1 in signaling pathways and its clinical applications (Review). Oncology Letters, 21, 404. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12665
MLA
Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Yuan, S., Wen, F., Liu, J., Zou, L., Zhang, J."Regulatory role of long non‑coding RNA UCA1 in signaling pathways and its clinical applications (Review)". Oncology Letters 21.5 (2021): 404.
Chicago
Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Yuan, S., Wen, F., Liu, J., Zou, L., Zhang, J."Regulatory role of long non‑coding RNA UCA1 in signaling pathways and its clinical applications (Review)". Oncology Letters 21, no. 5 (2021): 404. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12665