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Review

Cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive appraisal of its modes of application (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Mira Hoteit
    • Zeina Oneissi
    • Ranim Reda
    • Fadi Wakim
    • Amar Zaidan
    • Mohammad Farran
    • Elie Abi‑Khalil
    • Mirvat El‑Sibai
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
  • Article Number: 655
    |
    Published online on: July 9, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12916
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Abstract

Conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy have reached their therapeutic potential, leaving a gap for developing more effective cancer therapeutics. Cancer cells evade the immune system using various mechanisms of immune tolerance, underlying the potential impact of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer. Immunotherapy includes several approaches such as activating the immune system in a cytokine‑dependent manner, manipulating the feedback mechanisms involved in the immune response, enhancing the immune response via lymphocyte expansion and using cancer vaccines to elicit long‑lasting, robust responses. These techniques can be used as monotherapies or combination therapies. The present review describes the immune‑based mechanisms involved in tumor cell proliferation and maintenance and the rationale underlying various treatment methods. In addition, the present review provides insight into the potential of immunotherapy used alone or in combination with various types of therapeutics.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hoteit M, Oneissi Z, Reda R, Wakim F, Zaidan A, Farran M, Abi‑Khalil E and El‑Sibai M: Cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive appraisal of its modes of application (Review). Oncol Lett 22: 655, 2021.
APA
Hoteit, M., Oneissi, Z., Reda, R., Wakim, F., Zaidan, A., Farran, M. ... El‑Sibai, M. (2021). Cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive appraisal of its modes of application (Review). Oncology Letters, 22, 655. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12916
MLA
Hoteit, M., Oneissi, Z., Reda, R., Wakim, F., Zaidan, A., Farran, M., Abi‑Khalil, E., El‑Sibai, M."Cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive appraisal of its modes of application (Review)". Oncology Letters 22.3 (2021): 655.
Chicago
Hoteit, M., Oneissi, Z., Reda, R., Wakim, F., Zaidan, A., Farran, M., Abi‑Khalil, E., El‑Sibai, M."Cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive appraisal of its modes of application (Review)". Oncology Letters 22, no. 3 (2021): 655. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12916
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hoteit M, Oneissi Z, Reda R, Wakim F, Zaidan A, Farran M, Abi‑Khalil E and El‑Sibai M: Cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive appraisal of its modes of application (Review). Oncol Lett 22: 655, 2021.
APA
Hoteit, M., Oneissi, Z., Reda, R., Wakim, F., Zaidan, A., Farran, M. ... El‑Sibai, M. (2021). Cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive appraisal of its modes of application (Review). Oncology Letters, 22, 655. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12916
MLA
Hoteit, M., Oneissi, Z., Reda, R., Wakim, F., Zaidan, A., Farran, M., Abi‑Khalil, E., El‑Sibai, M."Cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive appraisal of its modes of application (Review)". Oncology Letters 22.3 (2021): 655.
Chicago
Hoteit, M., Oneissi, Z., Reda, R., Wakim, F., Zaidan, A., Farran, M., Abi‑Khalil, E., El‑Sibai, M."Cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive appraisal of its modes of application (Review)". Oncology Letters 22, no. 3 (2021): 655. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12916
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