Aberrant expression of SPAG6 may affect the disease phenotype and serve as a tumor biomarker in BCR/ABL1‑negative myeloproliferative neoplasms
- Authors:
- Published online on: November 10, 2021 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.13128
- Article Number: 10
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Copyright: © Ding et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Breakpoint cluster region (BCR)/ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of clonal hematological malignancies comprising polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) (1). Clinical manifestations of MPNs include the excessive production of one or more fully differentiated blood cell types, constitutional symptoms, splenomegaly and a propensity for thrombosis or excessive bleeding (2). In addition, ET and PV can progress to MF, and all types of MPN may eventually progress to more severe bone marrow hematopoietic failure or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (2). Thrombosis, bleeding and disease progression are the most serious complications of MPNs, and often the most common causes of mortality in patients (3).
MPN subtypes, including ET, PV and PMF, are often referred to together, as they have similar pathobiological and clinical features (2). Although patients share similar driver gene mutations in Janus kinase (JAK)2 (4), MPL proto-oncogene thrombopoietin receptor (MPL) (5) and calreticulin (CALR) (6), which are responsible for the constitutive activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, there are a number of unknown cooperating molecular and genetic aberrations that contribute to the disease phenotypes, transformation and progression (7). Current treatment regimens involve cytoreductive therapy, aspirin and novel drugs targeting specific gene mutations, such as JAK inhibitors, which successfully control symptoms and reduce spleen volume, but do not necessarily halt disease progression (2,8). Allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains the only curative therapy option available for patients with MPNs; however, it is only offered to a limited number of patients with MF with advanced-risk disease and without prohibitive comorbidities (9). Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to identify novel biomarkers to predict the prognosis of MPNs and optimize individual treatment strategies.
Sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) was first detected in human testicular tissue and identified as a novel cancer-testis antigen (10). In mammals, SPAG6 is predominately expressed in the sperm, lungs, nervous system and inner ear, and is considered to be mainly involved in sperm maturation and nervous system development under normal physiological conditions (11,12). Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that aberrant SPAG6 expression in hematological malignancies, and ovarian, bladder, breast and lung cancer, may affect the occurrence and development of human cancer types by regulating the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells (13–20). In addition, SPAG6 has been reported to enhance the effect of apoptosis-inducing drugs and induce cell cycle arrest (21). These findings suggest that SPAG6 may represent a potential tumor marker and a promising antitumor therapeutic target.
To the best of our knowledge, the role of SPAG6 in MPNs has not been previously described, although aberrant SPAG6 expression has been extensively reported in other types of disease. The present study aimed to analyze the expression levels of SPAG6 in patients with MPNs and to determine the influence of SPAG6 expression on MPN clinical characteristics, which may offer insights into novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for MPNs.
Materials and methods
Patient samples
A total of 219 patients with MPNs and 93 individuals in the control group were enrolled in the present study (Fig. 1). Bone marrow specimens and clinical data were obtained from newly diagnosed patients with MPNs and individuals in the control group who were admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Chongqing, China) between January 2018 and June 2021. The use of bone marrow specimens was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (approval no. 2021-109) and written informed consent was obtained from all participants (consent was obtained from parents/guardians for minors). The cases included in the present study met the diagnostic criteria of the 2016 World Health Organization classification and diagnostic criteria for MPNs (1). A summary of the specific research scheme is shown in Fig. 1. The main clinical and laboratory features of the patients with MPNs that had undergone a bone marrow biopsy are presented in Table I. In the present study, ‘with myelofibrosis’ refers to patients with MPNs whose bone marrow biopsy revealed abnormally reactive deposition of marrow stromal reticulin and collagen fibers [marrow fibrosis (MF) ≥1]. It is worth noting that PMF can be divided into pre-fibrosis (pre-PMF) and overt-fibrosis (overt-PMF) subtypes (1). For pre-PMF cases, an MF ≤1 is required, thus patients with PMF may also have bone marrow without fibrosis (1). The age of patients that had undergone reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) ranged between 27 and 80 years for MPNs, and 19 and 78 years for the control groups. The sex distribution of these patients was split 57.6% male and 42.4% female for MPNs, and 55.0% male and 45.0% female for the control groups. Since these patients had different diseases, clinical data were not compared between these groups.
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Figure 1.Study design. AML, acute myeloid leukemia; ET, essential thrombocythemia; MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome; MPN, myeloproliferative neoplasm; PMF, primary myelofibrosis; PV, polycythemia vera; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; SPAG6, sperm-associated antigen 6; WB, western blotting. |
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Table I.Major clinical characteristics of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. |
RT-qPCR
Total bone marrow nucleated cellular RNA was isolated from each sample using TRIzol® (Total RNA Isolation) reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using a reverse transcription kit (PrimeScript™ RT reagent Kit; Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. qPCR was subsequently performed using a CFX96 Real Time PCR Detection system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). The PCR system and cycle parameters used were as previously described (22). The total reaction volume was 10 µl and this was prepared as follows: 5 µl TB Green Master Mix (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), 0.5 µl of each primer, 1 µl cDNA template and 3.0 µl ddH2O. The thermocycling conditions used for qPCR were as follows: 95°C for 30 sec, followed by 40 cycles at 95°C for 5 sec and 60°C for 30 sec. The relative mRNA expression levels of SPAG6 were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCq method (23), and GAPDH acted as the internal control. The following primers sequences were used for qPCR: SPAG6 forward, 5′-AGTGCGACATTCTTCCACAGCTTG-3′ and reverse, 5′-GCGTATCCAGTGCTCCACAATCG-3′; and GAPDH forward, 5′-CTTTGGTATCGTGGAAGGACTC-3′ and reverse, 5′-GTAGAGGCAGGGATGATGTTCT-3′.
Bone marrow biopsy specimen staining techniques Immunohistochemistry
Tissues were fixed with 3% neutral formaldehyde fixative at room temperature for >24 h, decalcified, routinely processed for paraffin embedding and then cut into 3-µm-thick sections for staining. The slides were subsequently deparaffinized using xylene (xylene I for 15 min; xylene II for 15 min; xylene III for 15 min) and rehydrated using ethanol (absolute ethanol I for 5 min; absolute ethanol II for 5 min; 85% alcohol for 5 min; 75% alcohol for 5 min) after being dried at 60°C for 30 min. The sections were incubated with sodium citrate (0.1 mM; pH 6.0) for 30 min at 98°C for antigen retrieval and then incubated with 3% H2O2 at room temperature in the dark for 25 min to eliminate the endogenous peroxidase activity. Subsequently, 3% BSA (cat. no. G5001; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) was added to cover the marked tissue to block non-specific binding at room temperature for 30 min. Following these incubations, the slides were incubated with a rabbit anti-SPAG6 antibody (dilution, 1:400; cat. no. Bs-12291R; BIOSS) overnight at 4°C. After the primary antibody incubation, the sections were incubated with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (dilution, 1:200; cat. no. GB-23303; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) at room temperature for 50 min, and were then incubated with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB), as the chromogen, using the DAB Detection kit (cat. no. G1211; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.), prior to being counterstained with hematoxylin at room temperature for ~3 min. Each section incubated with the anti-SPAG6 antibody was compared with an adjacent section stained with rabbit serum (cat. no. G1209; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) as the negative control. All stained sections were visualized using an Imager A2 microscope (light microscope; Zeiss GmbH).
Pathological analysis was performed independently by two experienced pathologists at the Pathology Department of The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University (Luzhou, China) who were blinded to the final clinical diagnosis of all cases studied. The immunoreactivity of SPAG6 in the bone marrow biopsy samples was semi-quantified using the McCarty's H-score system (24), which incorporates both the intensity of the specific staining and the percentage of positive cells. For each section stained, four high-power fields (magnification, ×400) were randomly selected for analysis and the H-score was calculated using the following formula: Σ Pi (I + 1), whereby I represented the relative intensity of specific staining (no staining, 0; weak but detectable above control levels, 1+; distinct, 2+; and very strong, 3+) and Pi represented the percentage of positive cells. The final score was the sum of the relative intensity of specific staining multiplied by the percentage of positive cells.
H&E staining
Tissues were fixed with 3% neutral formaldehyde fixative at room temperature for >24 h, decalcified, routinely processed for paraffin embedding and then cut into 3-µm-thick sections for staining. The slides used for H&E staining were first deparaffinized and rehydrated as aforementioned. The sections were then stained with hematoxylin (cat. no. G1004; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) at room temperature for 2 min, rinsed with running water for 10 sec and differentiated using 1% hydrochloric acid-ethanol for 10 sec. After washing with distilled water for 1 min, the sections were stained with 0.5% eosin solution (cat. no. G1002; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) at room temperature for 1 min, washed in distilled water for 10 sec, dehydrated using a gradient series of ethanol, cleared using xylene and sealed with neutral balsam. Stained cells were visualized using an Imager A2 microscope (light microscope; Zeiss GmbH).
Immunofluorescence staining
Tissue sections underwent double immunofluorescence staining. Briefly, staining for the first antibody was performed according to the immunohistochemical procedure. The sections were incubated with 3% BSA (cat. no. G5001; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) to block non-specific binding at room temperature for 30 min, and were then incubated overnight at 4°C with the following primary antibodies: Anti-SPAG6 (rabbit; dilution, 1:200; cat. no. Bs-12291R; BIOSS) and anti-β-tubulin (mouse; dilution, 1:200; cat. no. GB13433; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.). Following the primary antibody incubation, the samples were incubated with an appropriate fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit/goat anti-mouse; dilution, 1:400/1:300; cat. no. GB25303/GB21301; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) at room temperature for 50 min in the dark. The nuclei were stained with DAPI (cat. no. G1401; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) at room temperature for 10 min in the dark. and the staining results were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope (Eclipse Ti; Nikon Corporation).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 25.0; IBM Corp.) and GraphPad Prism (version 8.0; GraphPad Software, Inc.) software. Mann-Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to compare the between-group differences of continuous variables, and Pearson's χ2/Fisher's exact test was used to compare the between-group differences of categorical variables. Numerical data are presented as the median and range, while categorical data are presented as count and relative frequency (%) of each category. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the discriminative capacity of SPAG6 expression among patients and controls. All experiments were performed in triplicate. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Major demographic, hematological, biochemical and genetic mutation findings in patients with MPNs
To determine the association between the expression levels of SPAG6 and important clinical parameters in patients with MPNs, 173 MPN cases that had undergone a bone marrow biopsy were selected (Fig. 1). Cases were distributed as follows: 91 patients with ET, 51 patients with PV and 31 patients with PMF (including 6 pre-PMF and 25 overt-PMF cases). The clinical data of these patients were reviewed (Table I). In the present study, patients with PMF had the highest lactate dehydrogenase levels; patients with PV had the highest hemoglobin levels and gene mutation rate; patients with ET had the highest platelet counts, and the frequency of mutations was similar to that in PMF (72.5% for ET and 87.1% for PMF). The major demographic, hematological, biochemical and genetic mutation findings in patients with MPNs were revealed to be similar to those reported in previous studies (2,4–6).
Expression levels of SPAG6 in patients with MPNs
To determine whether SPAG6 expression is upregulated in patients with MPNs, RT-qPCR was performed using RNA extracted from whole bone marrow cells of 46 patients with newly diagnosed MPN and 70 control cases (Fig. 1). The results revealed that SPAG6 mRNA expression levels were significantly upregulated in patients with PV, ET and PMF compared with those in healthy controls (P<0.01; Fig. 2Aa), and the SPAG6 mRNA expression levels in patients with MPN, including patients with PV, ET and PMF, were similar to those of patients with MDS and AML (P>0.05; Fig. 2Ab).
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Figure 2.Relative expression levels and immunoreactivity H-score of SPAG6. (A) SPAG6 mRNA expression in (a) PV, ET, PMF and healthy control groups, and (b) MPN, MDS, AML and healthy control groups. (B) H-score of SPAG6 immunoreactivity in PV, ET, PMF and healthy control groups. ***P<0.01. AML, acute myeloid leukemia; ET, essential thrombocythemia; MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome; MPN, myeloproliferative neoplasm; PMF, primary myelofibrosis; PV, polycythemia vera; SPAG6, sperm-associated antigen 6. |
To identify the populations of MPN bone marrow cells that expressed SPAG6, various staining techniques were performed using bone marrow biopsy samples from 173 patients and 23 healthy controls (Fig. 1). Representative immunohistochemical results of SPAG6 expression in all MPN groups are shown in Fig. 3. The immunoreactivity of SPAG6 in the bone marrow biopsy samples was semi-quantified using McCarty's H-score system and the results are shown in Fig. 2B and Table I. The H-scores of SPAG6 immunoreactivity in the PV, ET and PMF groups were significantly increased compared with those in the control group (P<0.01; Fig. 2B). The H-score of SPAG6 immunoreactivity in the PMF group was significantly decreased compared with that of the PV and ET groups (P<0.01); however, the H-score of SPAG6 immunoreactivity in the PV group was not significantly different compared with that of the ET group (P>0.05; Table I).
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Figure 3.Representative immunohistochemical findings in all myeloproliferative neoplasm groups. Immunohistochemical analysis of sperm-associated antigen 6 expression was performed using paraffin-embedded bone marrow biopsy specimens. ET (upper panels), PV (middle panels) and PMF (lower panels). Negative control (left panels), low expression (center panels) and high expression (right panels). Magnification, ×400. ET, essential thrombocythemia; PMF, primary myelofibrosis; PV, polycythemia vera. |
Cell populations expressing SPAG6 in patients with MPNs
It was found that the cell populations expressing SPAG6 were heterogeneous among all patients with MPNs (Fig. 4). However, positive immunoreactivity of SPAG6 was mainly observed in nucleated erythroid precursors (n=149) and megakaryocytes (n=135). For the vast majority of patients, these cells had the highest levels of SPAG6 expression, suggesting that they were a predominate source of SPAG6 expression. In addition, positive immunoreactivity of SPAG6 was also observed in lymphocytes (n=127), osteocytes (n=115), osteogenic cells (n=106), osteoblasts (n=103), marrow stroma cells (n=113) and endothelial cells (n=105); however, these cells only account for a small proportion of cells present in the bone marrow, and thus, their overall contribution was limited. Notably, only a few granulocytes in 3 cases were found to express SPAG6 (data not shown).
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Figure 4.Cell populations expressing SPAG6 in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Sections were stained using H&E staining (left panels) and SPAG6 IHC staining (right panels). Original magnification, ×1,000. The arrows point to the cell types indicated on the left. @, osteocyte; #, osteoblast; and &, osteogenic. IHC, immunohistochemistry; SPAG6, sperm-associated antigen 6. |
Subcellular localization patterns of SPAG6 protein in patients with MPNs
To further clarify whether SPAG6 was involved in the regulation of the microtubule/cytoskeletal system in MPNs, tissue sections underwent double immunofluorescence staining. The immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence findings revealed that SPAG6, which is known to be a microtubule-associated protein (20), exhibited nucleic, cytoplasmic or both cytoplasmic and nucleic subcellular localization patterns in the same patient (Fig. 5A) or cell type (Fig. 5B). In addition, the results of the double immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that the SPAG6 protein did not always co-localize with β-tubulin (Fig. 6), indicating that SPAG6 may also exert other functions in addition to binding with β-tubulin.
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Figure 5.Subcellular localization patterns of SPAG6 protein in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. (A) Subcellular localization pattern of SPAG6 protein in the same patient. Immunohistochemical staining (upper panel) and immunofluorescence staining (lower panel) of SPAG6. (B) Subcellular localization pattern of SPAG6 protein in the same cell type. Nucleated erythroid precursors (upper two rows of panels; inside the red circles) and megakaryocytes (lower two rows of panels). Magnification, ×1,000. @, nucleic localization; *, cytoplasmic localization; #, nucleic and cytoplasmic localization; and &, megakaryocyte. SPAG6, sperm-associated antigen 6. |
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Figure 6.Double immunofluorescence staining of SPAG6 and β-tubulin expression in bone marrow biopsy specimens from patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. ET (upper panels), PV (middle panels) and PMF (lower panels). Green fluorescence represents SPAG6 staining and red fluorescence represents β-tubulin staining. Blue staining is DAPI nuclear stain. Merged images (right panels; DAPI + SPAG6 + β-tubulin). Original magnification, ×1,000. ET, essential thrombocythemia; PMF, primary myelofibrosis; PV, polycythemia vera; SPAG6, sperm-associated antigen 6. |
Association of SPAG6 expression with clinical characteristics in MPNs
It has been reported that PV and ET share similar pathobiological and clinical features, while PMF presents with different clinical characteristics (2). Therefore, in the present study, results from PV and ET cases were referred to together, while results associated with PMF cases were referred to separately. According to the calculated mean H-score of SPAG6 immunoreactivity (2.31 for PV and ET; and 1.54 for PMF), patients with MPNs were divided into SPAG6 low and high expression groups. The comparisons of the clinical manifestations and laboratory features between the groups are presented in Table II. Notably, high SPAG6 expression was found to be associated with fewer splenomegaly and MF events (P<0.05) for all MPNs. For patients with PMF, upregulated SPAG6 expression was also found to be associated with a lower white blood cell (WBC) count (P<0.05), lower lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (P<0.05), higher hemoglobin (Hb) levels (P<0.05) and an increased platelet (PLT) count (P<0.05). However, for the PV and ET group, these differences were not observed. Nevertheless, no significant differences were observed in sex, age, MPN-related symptoms, thrombosis and hemorrhage at diagnosis between the SPAG6 low and high expression groups. In addition, no significant associations between SPAG6 expression and the three driver gene mutations JAK2, CALR and MPL were found (P>0.05).
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Table II.Association between SPAG6 expression and clinical characteristics of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. |
Discriminative capacity of SPAG6 expression
Using the H-score of SPAG6 immunoreactivity to differentiate patients with MPNs from healthy controls, a ROC curve was generated to examine the diagnostic value of SPAG6 expression. The results found that the AUC value was 0.9133 across all MPN cases (95% CI, 0.8710-0.9556; P<0.0001), with a sensitivity of 81.98% and a specificity of 95.65% (Fig. 7A). Furthermore, the differentiating capacity of SPAG6 expression was also determined in patients with PV (AUC, 0.9216; 95% CI, 0.8618-0.9815; P<0.0001; Fig. 7B), ET (AUC, 0.9278; 95% CI, 0.8827-0.9729; P<0.0001; Fig. 7C) and PMF (AUC, 0.8569; 95% CI, 0.7605-0.9533; P<0.0001; Fig. 7D). These results indicated that SPAG6 may be a potential biomarker for distinguishing patients with MPNs from healthy controls.
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Figure 7.Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of SPAG6 expression for distinguishing patients with MPNs from healthy controls, based on the H-score of SPAG6 immunoreactivity. (A) All patients with MPNs (95% CI, 0.8710-0.9556; sensitivity, 81.98%; specificity, 95.65%). Patients with (B) PV (95% CI, 0.8618-0.9815; sensitivity, 83.33%; specificity, 95.65%), (C) ET (95% CI, 0.8827-0.9729; sensitivity, 82.80%; specificity, 100.00%) and (D) PMF (95% CI, 0.7605-0.9533; sensitivity, 67.74%; specificity, 81.43%). AUC, area under the curve; ET, essential thrombocythemia; MPN, myeloproliferative neoplasm; PMF, primary myelofibrosis; PV, polycythemia vera; SPAG6, sperm-associated antigen 6. |
Discussion
Aberrant expression of the new cancer-testis antigen, SPAG6, has been documented in several types of neoplastic disease, such as ovarian, bladder, breast and lung cancer, and the expression levels of SPAG6 in hematological malignancies have been reported to be upregulated compared with those observed in common types of solid tumors (25). Previous studies have demonstrated that the promoter of the SPAG6 gene is methylated in breast, lung and bladder cancer, and neuroblastoma cell lines (18,19,26,27). It is well established that hypermethylation of the promoter region may result in the silencing of genes. By contrast, other studies have reported that the mRNA expression levels of SPAG6 are upregulated in newly diagnosed patients with AML and MDS, while SPAG6 is expressed at low levels in healthy bone marrow samples, as well as in leukemia-free bone marrow, from patients with AML recovering from the disease after chemotherapy (14–16). To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to report that SPAG6 may be upregulated in MPN bone marrow cells at the mRNA and protein levels. The findings of the present study also revealed that the mRNA expression levels of SPAG6 in patients with MPNs were similar to those observed in patients with MDS and AML, but were upregulated compared with those of healthy controls. These results, combined with those of previous studies (14–16), suggested that SPAG6 may be a marker of the malignant clonal expansion of bone marrow cells, and the differential expression of SPAG6 may indicate its diagnostic potential, which may prove useful for differentiating cancer-free individuals from those with hematological malignancies.
JAK2 has been identified as one of the most commonly mutated genes in the clonal hematopoiesis of MPNs (4,7). Recently, it has been reported that the JAK2-V617F mutation occurs decades before a MPN diagnosis, increases the fitness of hematopoietic stem cells and induces a megakaryocyte/erythroid differentiation bias (28,29). In addition, the JAK2-V617F mutation frequency has been reported to be higher in megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitors and lower in lymphoid and granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (28). Nearly all erythropoiesis events have been revealed to arise from the JAK2-V617F clone in PV and in most individuals diagnosed with ET (28). Notably, the results of the present study also indicated that nucleated erythroid precursors and megakaryocytes expressed high levels of SPAG6, while positive immunoreactivity of SPAG6 was only observed in individual granulocytes of 3 patients. These findings suggested that SPAG6 expression in patients with MPNs may be associated with gene mutations. Furthermore, the present study also explored whether the expression levels of SPAG6 were associated with the three main driver gene mutations. No significant associations were observed, which may be due to limited sample size.
It has been previously reported that a bias towards megakaryocyte differentiation is apparent in early multipotent stem cells in MF (29), and increased numbers of abnormal bone marrow megakaryocytes induce fibrosis, destroying the hematopoietic microenvironment and resulting in the cardinal disease features of cytopenias, namely extramedullary hematopoiesis and a high propensity for developing leukemia (30). Using immunohistochemical staining, the present study also revealed that the expression levels of SPAG6 were upregulated in patients with PMF compared with in healthy controls; however, they were downregulated compared with those observed in PV and ET cases. In addition, SPAG6 expression was downregulated in the megakaryocytes of patients with PMF. Furthermore, some of these patients (20/31; 64.5%) with PMF were in the hematopoietic failure phase, exhibiting features of cytopenia, as the nucleated erythroid precursors number was reduced. The observed findings not only help to explain why patients with PMF had the lowest H-scores among the patients with MPN, but also suggested that aberrant SPAG6 expression may affect the MPN phenotype and participate in disease progression.
SPAG6 is mainly considered to be a microtubule-associated protein that is essential for cytoskeleton formation, and serves a role in maintaining the normal function of a variety of cells, including ciliary/flagellar biogenesis and polarization, neurogenesis, and neuronal migration (20,31,32). Therefore, the present study conducted double immunofluorescence staining. The results were consistent with those observed using immunohistochemistry. The SPAG6 protein exhibited nucleic, cytoplasmic or both cytoplasmic and nucleic subcellular localization patterns in the same patient or cell type. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the SPAG6 protein did not always co-localize with β-tubulin. These findings indicated that the SPAG6 protein may associate with multiple proteins in different cell types, or even with different proteins at different cell cycle stages in the same cell in MPNs. The SPAG6 protein contains eight consecutive WD repeats, which are known to mediate protein-protein interactions (33), and is already expressed before cilia are assembled (32). Therefore, it is not surprising that SPAG6, previously known as a motile cilia/flagella central apparatus protein, may associate with other functions in addition to participating in the regulation of the microtubule/cytoskeletal system. However, further studies are warranted to reveal the functional significance of SPAG6 upregulation and to define the molecular alterations underlying its ectopic expression and possible motile cilium-unrelated activities in MPNs.
The present study also revealed that the expression levels of SPAG6 were associated with clinical characteristics of MPNs. The association between SPAG6 expression and several clinical and laboratory characteristics was evaluated. First, the expression levels of SPAG6 were found to be associated with fewer splenomegaly and MF events. Second, the expression levels of SPAG6 in patients with PMF were associated with a lower WBC count, lower LDH levels, higher Hb levels and higher PLT count. Early research of patients with MPN concluded that leukocytosis is one of the risk factors for venous thrombosis, fibrotic and leukemic transformation (34). In addition, both high LDH levels and prefibrotic PMF morphology were found to be risk factors for overall survival and leukemia-free survival (34,35). However, due to the long natural course (median survival, 19.8 years in ET, 13.5 years in PV and 5.9 years in PMF) of MPNs (36), the findings of the present study were insufficient to conclude whether SPAG6 expression indicates a good or poor prognosis. Therefore, investigations using a larger dataset and long-term follow-up are required to determine the disease outcomes.
While the driver mutations JAK2, CALR and MPL are found in ~90% of MPN cases, there are still ~10% of patients without specific molecular markers (37). Current diagnostic guidelines for triple-negative patients who do not carry the driver mutations rely on the ruling out of reactive causes of thrombocytosis and erythrocytosis combined with the examination of bone marrow biopsy specimens (1,34). In the present study, the AUC value indicated that SPAG6 expression may be able to distinguish MPN cases from healthy controls, revealing that the detection of SPAG6 expression may potentially be used as a diagnostic tool to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of MPNs.
In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to reveal that aberrant SPAG6 expression may affect the disease phenotype and serve as a tumor biomarker in BCR/ABL1-negative MPNs, although the underlying mechanism of the effect of SPAG6 in MPNs remains to be determined. Since the present study only included patients for whom sufficient material was sent to the laboratory, the study may be limited due to a possible selection bias. Therefore, the findings of the present study require further verification in follow-up studies.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
The present study was supported by The National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (grant no. 82070130).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
LD designed and performed the study, and wrote the paper. JL participated in designing the study and performed the experiments. JPZ collected clinical data and helped analyze the data. JW collected bone marrow samples and contributed to performing the experiments. ZQL, JH and LC provided technical support and participated in analyzing the data. JM contributed to the conception of the study. BZ, YRZ and LYZ collected bone marrow specimens and contributed to performing the experiments. LL conceived of and designed the research, provided financial support, and contributed to the writing and revisions of the manuscript. LD and LL confirm the authenticity of all the raw data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The use of bone marrow specimens was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (approval no. 2021-109; Chongqing, China) and written informed consent was obtained from all participants (consent was obtained from parents/guardians for minors).
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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