Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
August-2024 Volume 28 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2024 Volume 28 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Effects of dexmedetomidine and ketorolac applied for patient‑controlled analgesia on the balance of Th1/Th2 and level of VEGF in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for cervical cancer: A randomized controlled trial

  • Authors:
    • Li Ao
    • Jinlin Shi
    • Jianhui Gan
    • Wenli Yu
    • Hongyin Du
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Anesthesiology, The First Central Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China, Department of Anesthesiology, Tangshan People's Hospital and Tangshan Cancer Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China, Department of Anesthesiology, Tangshan People's Hospital and Tangshan Cancer Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China, Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China, Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Ao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 379
    |
    Published online on: June 17, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2024.14512
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) combined with ketorolac on postoperative patient‑controlled analgesia (PCA), the balance of Th1/Th2 and the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with cervical cancer following laparoscopic radical surgery. A total of 70 women with cervical cancer undergoing laparoscopic radical hysterectomy were enrolled in the study to randomly receive postoperative dexmedetomidine combined with ketorolac analgesia (DK group) and postoperative sufentanil analgesia (SUF group). The primary outcomes were the serum levels of interleukin‑4 (IL‑4), interferon‑γ (IFN‑γ) and VEGF, and the IFN‑γ/IL‑4 ratio 30 min before induction (T0), and 24 and 48 h after surgery. Secondary outcomes included numerical rating scale scores at 0 h (T0), 4 h (T1), 12 h (T2), 24 h (T3) and 48 h (T4) postoperatively, cumulative times of rescue analgesia, as well as the incidence of postoperative side effects within 48 h from surgery. Patients in the DK group reported similar analgesic effects as patients in the SUF group at T2, T3 and T4, and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was significantly lower in the DK group. In the DK group, the serum concentration of IFN‑γ and IFN‑γ/IL‑4 ratio at 24 and 48 h after surgery were higher compared with those in the SUF group. Conversely, the serum concentrations of IL‑4 at 24 h after surgery and VEGF at 24 and 48 h after surgery were significantly lower. The results indicated that the combination of DEX and ketorolac for PCA significantly improved postoperative pain and decreased the serum level of VEGF, which are associated with tumor angiogenesis. In addition, it maintained the homeostasis of postoperative immune dysfunction of patients with cervical cancer by shifting the balance between type 1 T helper cells and type 2 T helper cell (Th1/Th2 balance) to Th1 (registration no. ChiCTR1900027979; December 7, 2019).
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 68:394–424. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Hiller JG, Perry NJ, Poulogiannis G, Riedel B and Sloan EK: Perioperative events influence cancer recurrence risk after surgery. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018.15:205–218. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Manders P, Beex LV, Tjan-Heijnen VC, Span PN and Sweep CG: Vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with the efficacy of endocrine therapy in patients with advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer. 98:2125–2132. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Cho JS, Lee MH, Kim SI, Park S, Park HS, Oh E, Lee JH and Koo BN: The effects of perioperative anesthesia and analgesia on immune function in patients undergoing breast cancer resection: A prospective randomized study. Int J Med Sci. 14:970–976. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Snyder GL and Greenberg S: Effect of anaesthetic technique and other perioperative factors on cancer recurrence. Br J Anaesth. 105:106–115. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Ogawa K, Hirai M, Katsube T, Murayama M, Hamaguchi K, Shimakawa T, Naritake Y, Hosokawa T and Kajiwara T: Suppression of cellular immunity by surgical stress. Surgery. 127:329–336. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Shafi S, Collinsworth AW, Copeland LA, Ogola GO, Qiu T, Kouznetsova M, Liao IC, Mears N, Pham AT, Wan GJ and Masica AL: Association of opioid-related adverse drug events with clinical and cost outcomes among surgical patients in a large integrated health care delivery system. JAMA Surg. 153:757–763. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Wang Y, Xu X, Liu H and Ji F: Effects of dexmedetomidine on patients undergoing radical gastrectomy. J Surg Res. 194:147–153. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Li B, Li Y, Tian S, Wang H, Wu H, Zhang A and Gao C: Anti-inflammatory effects of perioperative dexmedetomidine administered as an adjunct to general anesthesia: A meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 5:123422015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Rainsford KD: Ibuprofen: Pharmacology, efficacy and safety. Inflammopharmacology. 17:275–342. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Cepeda MS, Carr DB, Miranda N, Diaz A, Silva C and Morales O: Comparison of morphine, ketorolac, and their combination for postoperative pain. Anesthesiology. 103:1225–1232. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Foekens JA, Peters HA, Grebenchtchikov N, Look MP, Meijer-van Gelder ME, Geurts-Moespot A, van der Kwast TH, Sweep CG and Klijn JG: High tumor levels of vascular endothelial growth factor predict poor response to systemic therapy in advanced breast cancer. Cancer Res. 61:5407–5414. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Wang Z, Jiang L, Wang J, Chai Z and Xiong W: Morphine promotes angiogenesis by activating PI3K/Akt/HIF-1α pathway and upregulating VEGF in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol. 12:1761–1772. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Singleton PA and Moss J: Effect of perioperative opioids on cancer recurrence: A hypothesis. Future Oncol. 6:1237–1242. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Singleton PA, Garcia JG and Moss J: Synergistic effects of methylnaltrexone with 5-fluorouracil and bevacizumab on inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis. Mol Cancer Ther. 7:1669–1679. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Martinez L, Ekman E and Nakhla N: Perioperative opioid-sparing strategies: Utility of Conventional NSAIDs in Adults. Clin Ther. 41:2612–2628. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Adurthi S, Mukherjee G, Krishnamurthy H, Sudhir K, Bafna UD, Umadevi K and Jayshree RS: Functional tumor infiltrating TH1 and TH2 effectors in large early-stage cervical cancer are suppressed by regulatory T cells. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 22:1130–1107. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Ma J, Liu H and Wang X: Effect of ginseng polysaccharides and dendritic cells on the balance of Th1/Th2 T helper cells in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Tradit Chin Med. 34:641–645. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Guideline for Good Clinical Practice E6(R1) 1996, . International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline. Accessed May 12, 2015. http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E6/E6_R1_Guideline.pdf

20 

American Society of Anesthesiologists, . ASA physical status classification system. November 23–2018https://www.asahq.org/resources/AmericanSociety of Anesthesiologists.

21 

Green JS and Tsui BC: Impact of anesthesia for cancer surgery: Continuing professional development. Can J Anaesth. 60:1248–1269. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Wen Y, Wang M, Yang J, Wang Y, Sun H, Zhao J, Liu W, Zhou Z, Deng H, Castillo-Pedraza C, et al: A comparison of fentanyl and flurbiprofen axetil on serum VEGF-C, TNF-α, and IL-1ß concentrations in women undergoing surgery for breast cancer. Pain Practice. 15:530–537. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Hudson LG, Cook LS, Grimes MM, Muller CY, Adams SF and Wandinger-Ness A: Dual actions of ketorolac in metastatic ovarian cancer. Cancers (Basel). 11:10492019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Butcher B, Hutchings E, Fazekas B, Clark K, Rowett D and Currow D: Opioid-sparing effects of ketorolac in palliative care patients receiving opioids for chronic cancer-related pain: A systematic literature review. Palliat Med. 36:71–80. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Zhang W, Pan Y, Gou P, Zhou C, Ma L, Liu Q, Du Y, Yang J and Wang Q: Effect of xanthohumol on Th1/Th2 balance in a breast cancer mouse model. Oncol Rep. 39:280–288. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Hao CJ, Li J, Liu P, Li XL, Hu YQ, Sun JC and Wei Y: Effects of the balance between type 1 and type 2 T helper cells on ovarian cancer. Genet Mol Res. 15:2016. View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Webster NR and Galley HF: Immunomodulation in the critically ill. Br J Anaesth. 103:70–81. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Liao W, Lin JX and Leonard WJ: IL-2 family cytokines: New insights into the complex roles of IL-2 as a broad regulator of T helper cell differentiation. Curr Opin Immunol. 23:598–604. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Kurosawa S and Kato M: Anesthetics, immune cells, and immune responses. J Anesth. 22:263–277. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Cardinale F, Chinellato I, Caimmi S, Peroni DG, Franceschini F, Miraglia Del Giudice M and Bernardini R: Perioperative Period: Immunological Modifications. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 24 (3 Suppl):S3–S12. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Ueki M, Kawasaki T, Habe K, Hamada K, Kawasaki C and Sata T: The effects of dexmedetomidine on inflammatory mediators after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesia. 69:693–700. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Wang H, Hu B, Zou Y, Bo L, Wang J, Li J and Luo Y: Dexmedetomidine premedication attenuates concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice. J Toxicol Sci. 39:755–764. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Lee JM, Han HJ, Choi WK, Yoo S, Baek S and Lee J: Immunomodulatory effects of intraoperative dexmedetomidine on T helper 1, T helper 2, T helper 17 and regulatory T cells cytokine levels and their balance: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, dose-response clinical study. BMC Anesthesiol. 18:1642018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Forget P, Vandenhende J, Berliere M, MacHiels JP, Nussbaum B, Legrand C and De Kock M: Do intraoperative analgesics influence breast cancer recurrence after mastectomy? A retrospective analysis. Anesth Analg. 110:1630–1635. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Guo Y, Kenney SR, Muller CY, Adams S, Rutledge T, Romero E, Murray-Krezan C, Prekeris R, Sklar LA, Hudson LG and Wandinger-Ness A: R-Ketorolac Targets Cdc42 and Rac1 and alters ovarian cancer cell behaviors critical for invasion and metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther. 14:2215–2227. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Tsuboi I, Tanaka H, Nakao M, Shichijo S and Itoh K: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs differentially regulate cytokine production in human lymphocytes: Up-regulation of TNF, IFN-gamma and IL-2, in contrast to down-regulation of IL-6 production. Cytokine. 7:372–379. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Ma XD, Li BP, Wang DL and Yang WS: Postoperative benefits of dexmedetomidine combined with flurbiprofen axetil after thyroid surgery. Exp Ther Med. 14:2148–2152. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Yang EV, Kim SJ, Donovan EL, Chen M, Gross AC, Webster Marketon JI, Barsky SH and Glaser R: Norepinephrine upregulates VEGF, IL-8, and IL-6 expression in human melanoma tumor cell lines: Implications for stress-related enhancement of tumor progression. Brain Behav Immun. 23:267–275. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Gadducci A, Tana R, Cosio S and Genazzani AR: The serum assay of tumour markers in the prognostic evaluation, treatment monitoring and follow-up of patients with cervical cancer: A review of the literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 66:10–20. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Mitsuhashi A, Suzuka K, Yamazawa K, Matsui H, Seki K and Sekiya S: Serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-C levels as tumor markers in patients with cervical carcinoma. Cancer. 103:724–730. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

van Trappen PO, Steele D, Lowe DG, Baithun S, Beasley N, Thiele W, Weich H, Krishnan J, Shepherd JH, Pepper MS, et al: Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D, and their receptor VEGFR-3, during different stages of cervical carcinogenesis. J Pathol. 201:544–554. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Kotowicz B, Fuksiewicz M, Jonska-Gmyrek J, Bidzinski M and Kowalska M: The assessment of the prognostic value of tumor markers and cytokines as SCCAg, CYFRA 21.1, IL-6, VEGF and sTNF receptors in patients with squamous cell cervical cancer, particularly with early stage of the disease. Tumour Biol. 37:1271–1278. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Moon HS, Kim SC, Ahn JJ and Woo BH: Concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in the serum of patients with cervical cancer: Prediction of response. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 10:151–156. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Mabeta P and Steenkamp V: The VEGF/VEGFR axis revisited: Implications for cance therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 23:155852022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Garcia J, Hurwitz HI, Sandler AB, Miles D, Coleman RL, Deurloo R and Chinot OL: Bevacizumab (Avastin®) in cancer treatment: A review of 15 years of clinical experience and future outlook. Cancer Treat Rev. 86:1020172020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Mirzaei A, Rashedi S, Akbari MR, Khatami F and Aghamir SMK: Combined anticancer effects of simvastatin and arsenic trioxide on prostate cancer cell lines via downregulation of the VEGF and OPN isoforms genes. J Cell Mol Med. 26:2728–2740. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Wei L, Sun C, Zhang Y, Han N and Sun S: miR-503-5p inhibits colon cancer tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis by directly downregulating VEGF-A. Gene Ther. 29:28–40. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Ji C, Xiong Y, Pan X, Guo X, Li Z, Qian S, Xu C, Yu DH and Liao WQ: Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the increasing the incidence of colonic anastomosis in rats. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8:6126–6134. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

49 

Farooqui M, Li Y, Rogers T, Poonawala T, Griffin RJ, Song CW and Gupta K: COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib prevents chronic morphine-induced promotion of angiogenesis, tumour growth, metastasis and mortality, without compromising analgesia. Br J Cancer. 97:1523–1531. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Davies G, Martin LA, Sacks N and Dowsett M: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), aromatase and breast cancer:a possible role for COX-2 inhibitors in breast cancer chemoprevention. Ann Oncol. 13:669–678. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Su X, Fan Y, Yang L, Huang J, Qiao F, Fang Y and Wang J: Dexmedetomidine expands monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells and promotes tumour metastasis after lung cancer surgery. J Transl Med. 16:3472018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Ao L, Shi J, Gan J, Yu W and Du H: Effects of dexmedetomidine and ketorolac applied for patient‑controlled analgesia on the balance of Th1/Th2 and level of VEGF in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for cervical cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Oncol Lett 28: 379, 2024.
APA
Ao, L., Shi, J., Gan, J., Yu, W., & Du, H. (2024). Effects of dexmedetomidine and ketorolac applied for patient‑controlled analgesia on the balance of Th1/Th2 and level of VEGF in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for cervical cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Oncology Letters, 28, 379. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2024.14512
MLA
Ao, L., Shi, J., Gan, J., Yu, W., Du, H."Effects of dexmedetomidine and ketorolac applied for patient‑controlled analgesia on the balance of Th1/Th2 and level of VEGF in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for cervical cancer: A randomized controlled trial". Oncology Letters 28.2 (2024): 379.
Chicago
Ao, L., Shi, J., Gan, J., Yu, W., Du, H."Effects of dexmedetomidine and ketorolac applied for patient‑controlled analgesia on the balance of Th1/Th2 and level of VEGF in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for cervical cancer: A randomized controlled trial". Oncology Letters 28, no. 2 (2024): 379. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2024.14512
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ao L, Shi J, Gan J, Yu W and Du H: Effects of dexmedetomidine and ketorolac applied for patient‑controlled analgesia on the balance of Th1/Th2 and level of VEGF in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for cervical cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Oncol Lett 28: 379, 2024.
APA
Ao, L., Shi, J., Gan, J., Yu, W., & Du, H. (2024). Effects of dexmedetomidine and ketorolac applied for patient‑controlled analgesia on the balance of Th1/Th2 and level of VEGF in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for cervical cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Oncology Letters, 28, 379. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2024.14512
MLA
Ao, L., Shi, J., Gan, J., Yu, W., Du, H."Effects of dexmedetomidine and ketorolac applied for patient‑controlled analgesia on the balance of Th1/Th2 and level of VEGF in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for cervical cancer: A randomized controlled trial". Oncology Letters 28.2 (2024): 379.
Chicago
Ao, L., Shi, J., Gan, J., Yu, W., Du, H."Effects of dexmedetomidine and ketorolac applied for patient‑controlled analgesia on the balance of Th1/Th2 and level of VEGF in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for cervical cancer: A randomized controlled trial". Oncology Letters 28, no. 2 (2024): 379. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2024.14512
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team