Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
September-2024 Volume 28 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2024 Volume 28 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Procaine induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma

  • Authors:
    • Miao Hao
    • Chu Zhang
    • Naixu Shi
    • Lin Yuan
    • Tianfu Zhang
    • Xiaofeng Wang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Scientific Research Center, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China, Department of Stomatology, China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Hao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 408
    |
    Published online on: June 28, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2024.14541
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Procaine (PCA), a local anesthetic commonly used in stomatology, exhibits antitumor activity in some human malignancies. However, the precise mechanism underlying PCA activity remains unknown, and its antitumor effect in human tongue squamous carcinoma cells has not been reported. Flow cytometry and western blotting were used to assess the effects of PCA on mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell cycle and apoptosis. The results suggested that PCA inhibits CAL27 and SCC‑15 cell proliferation, and clone formation in a dose‑dependent manner. CAL27 cells were more sensitive to PCA than SCC‑15 cells. PCA also significantly inhibited cell migration, induced mitochondrial damage, reduced ΔΨm and increased intracellular ROS production. PCA causes G2/M cycle arrest and induces apoptosis. The possible mechanism for the inhibition of human tongue squamous carcinoma cell proliferation is through the regulation of ERK phosphorylation and PI3K/AKT‑mediated signaling pathways. The results further suggested that autophagy occurs during PCA‑induced apoptosis in CAL27 cells, and the addition of the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine sulfate further enhanced the sensitivity of PCA to inhibit cell proliferation, indicating that autophagy plays an important role in protecting cancer cells from apoptosis. PCA shows potential as an anticancer drug and its combination with autophagy inhibitors enhances its sensitivity.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Omura K: Current status of oral cancer treatment strategies: Surgical treatments for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol. 19:423–430. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Tampa M, Mitran MI, Mitran CI, Sarbu MI, Matei C, Nicolae I, Caruntu A, Tocut SM, Popa MI, Caruntu C and Georgescu SR: Mediators of inflammation-A potential source of biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Immunol Res. 12:10617802018.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Lien JC, Lin MW, Chang SJ, Lai KC, Huang AC, Yu FS and Chung JG: Tetrandrine induces programmed cell death in human oral cancer CAL 27 cells through the reactive oxygen species production and caspase-dependent pathways and associated with beclin-1-induced cell autophagy. Environ Toxicol. 32:329–343. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Ng JH, Iyer NG, Tan MH and Edgren G: Changing epidemiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: A global study. Head Neck. 39:297–304. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Chu H, Li Z, Gan Z, Yang Z, Wu Z and Rong M: LncRNA ELF3-AS1 is involved in the regulation of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation by reprogramming glucose metabolism. Onco Targets Ther. 12:6857–6863. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Tan Y, Wang Z, Xu M, Li B, Huang Z, Qin S, Nice EC, Tang J and Huang C: Oral squamous cell carcinomas: State of the field and emerging directions. Int J Oral Sci. 15:442023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Adelstein D, Gillison ML, Pfister DG, Spencer S, Adkins D, Brizel DM, Burtness B, Busse PM, Caudell JJ, Cmelak AJ, et al: NCCN guidelines insights: Head and neck cancers, version 2.2017. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 15:761–770. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Mouw KW, Haraf DJ, Stenson KM, Cohen EE, Xi X, Witt ME, List M, Blair EA, Vokes EE and Salama JK: Factors associated with long-term speech and swallowing outcomes after chemoradiotherapy for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 136:1226–1234. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Li YC, Wang Y, Li DD, Zhang Y, Zhao TC and Li CF: Procaine is a specific DNA methylation inhibitor with anti-tumor effect for human gastric cancer. J Cell Biochem. 119:2440–2449. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Schumann NAB, Mendonça AS, Silveira MM, Vargas LN, Leme LO, de Sousa RV and Franco MM: Procaine and S-Adenosyl-l-Homocysteine affect the expression of genes related to the epigenetic machinery and change the DNA methylation status of in vitro cultured bovine skin fibroblasts. DNA Cell Biol. 39:37–49. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Villar-Garea A, Fraga MF, Espada J and Esteller M: Procaine is a DNA-demethylating agent with growth-inhibitory effects in human cancer cells. Cancer Res. 63:4984–4989. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

12 

Tada M, Imazeki F, Fukai K, Sakamoto A, Arai M, Mikata R, Tokuhisa T and Yokosuka O: Procaine inhibits the proliferation and DNA methylation in human hepatoma cells. Hepatol Int. 1:355–364. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Li C, Gao S, Li X, Li C and Ma L: Procaine inhibits the proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells through inactivation of the ERK/MAPK/FAK pathways by regulation of RhoA. Oncol Res. 26:209–217. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Chen X, Li LY, Jiang JL, Li K, Su ZB, Zhang FQ, Zhang WJ and Zhao GQ: Propofol elicits autophagy via endoplasmic reticulum stress and calcium exchange in C2C12 myoblast cell line. PLoS One. 13:e01979342018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Zhao X, Qi T, Kong C, Hao M, Wang Y, Li J, Liu B, Gao Y and Jiang J: Photothermal exposure of polydopamine-coated branched Au-Ag nanoparticles induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy in human bladder cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine. 13:6413–6428. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Li X, He S and Ma B: Autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in cancer. Mol Cancer. 19:122020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Marsh T and Debnath J: Autophagy suppresses breast cancer metastasis by degrading NBR1. Autophagy. 16:1164–1165. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Nosengo N: Can you teach old drugs new tricks? Nature. 534:314–316. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Sperling CD, Verdoodt F, Aalborg GL, Dehlendorff C, Friis S and Kjaer SK: Low-dose aspirin use and endometrial cancer mortality-a Danish nationwide cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 49:330–337. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Guo CG, Cheung KS, Zhang F, Chan EW, Chen L, Wong IC and Leung WK: Incidences, temporal trends and risks of hospitalisation for gastrointestinal bleeding in new or chronic low-dose aspirin users after treatment for Helicobacter pylori: A territory-wide cohort study. Gut. 69:445–452. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Guardado-Mendoza R, Salazar-López SS, Álvarez-Canales M, Farfán-Vázquez D, Martínez-López YE, Jiménez-Ceja LM, Suárez-Pérez EL, Angulo-Romero F, Evia-Viscarra ML, Montes de Oca-Loyola ML, et al: The combination of linagliptin, metformin and lifestyle modification to prevent type 2 diabetes (PRELLIM). A randomized clinical trial. Metabolism. 104:1540542020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Dong TS, Chang HH, Hauer M, Lagishetty V, Katzka W, Rozengurt E, Jacobs JP and Eibl G: Metformin alters the duodenal microbiome and decreases the incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma promoted by diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 317:G763–G772. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Miao ZF, Adkins-Threats M, Burclaff JR, Osaki LH, Sun JX, Kefalov Y, He Z, Wang ZN and Mills JC: A Metformin-Responsive metabolic pathway controls distinct steps in gastric progenitor fate decisions and maturation. Cell Stem Cell. 26:910–925.e6. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Chen X, Li K and Zhao G: Propofol Inhibits HeLa cells by impairing autophagic flux via AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress regulated by calcium. Med Sci Monit. 24:2339–2349. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Sakaguchi M, Kuroda Y and Hirose M: The antiproliferative effect of lidocaine on human tongue cancer cells with inhibition of the activity of epidermal growth factor receptor. Anesth Analg. 102:1103–1107. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Ma XW, Li Y, Han XC and Xin QZ: The effect of low dosage of procaine on lung cancer cell proliferation. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 20:4791–4795. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Chen C, Wang N, Huang T, Cheng G, Hu Y, Wang B, Zhang Y and Wang C: Chloroprocaine antagonizes progression of breast cancer by regulating LINC00494/miR-3619-5p/MED19 axis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 38:e235242024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Lin AB, McNeely SC and Beckmann RP: Achieving precision death with cell-cycle inhibitors that target DNA replication and repair. Clin Cancer Res. 23:3232–3240. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Wang Z, Sturgis EM, Zhang F, Lei D, Liu Z, Xu L, Song X, Wei Q and Li G: Genetic variants of p27 and p21 as predictors for risk of second primary malignancy in patients with index squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. Mol Cancer. 11:172012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Fulda S and Debatin KM: Extrinsic versus intrinsic apoptosis pathways in anticancer chemotherapy. Oncogene. 25:4798–4811. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Pfeffer CM and Singh ATK: Apoptosis: A target for anticancer therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 19:4482018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Gao W, Wang X, Zhou Y, Wang X and Yu Y: Autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in tumor immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 7:1962022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Levine B and Kroemer G: Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell. 132:27–42. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Mizushima N and Komatsu M: Autophagy: Renovation of cells and tissues. Cell. 147:728–741. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Zhou J, Hu SE, Tan SH, Cao R, Chen Y, Xia D, Zhu X, Yang XF, Ong CN and Shen HM: Andrographolide sensitizes cisplatin-induced apoptosis via suppression of autophagosome-lysosome fusion in human cancer cells. Autophagy. 8:338–349. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Okuyama K, Suzuki K, Naruse T, Tsuchihashi H, Yanamoto S, Kaida A, Miura M, Umeda M and Yamashita S: Prolonged cetuximab treatment promotes p27Kip1-mediated G1 arrest and autophagy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep. 11:52592021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Lamark T, Svenning S and Johansen T: Regulation of selective autophagy: The p62/SQSTM1 paradigm. Essays Biochem. 61:609–624. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Deng Z, Lim J, Wang Q, Purtell K, Wu S, Palomo GM, Tan H, Manfredi G, Zhao Y, Peng J, et al: ALS-FTLD-linked mutations of SQSTM1/p62 disrupt selective autophagy and NFE2L2/NRF2 anti-oxidative stress pathway. Autophagy. 16:917–931. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Mizushima N, Yoshimori T and Levine B: Methods in mammalian autophagy research. Cell. 140:313–326. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Mizushima N, Yamamoto A, Matsui M, Matsui M, Yoshimori T, Yoshimori T and Ohsumi Y: In vivo analysis of autophagy in response to nutrient starvation using transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent autophagosome marker. Mol Biol Cell. 15:1101–1111. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Yang J, Ren X, Zhang L, Li Y, Cheng B and Xia J: Oridonin inhibits oral cancer growth and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 100:226–232. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hao M, Zhang C, Shi N, Yuan L, Zhang T and Wang X: Procaine induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 28: 408, 2024.
APA
Hao, M., Zhang, C., Shi, N., Yuan, L., Zhang, T., & Wang, X. (2024). Procaine induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oncology Letters, 28, 408. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2024.14541
MLA
Hao, M., Zhang, C., Shi, N., Yuan, L., Zhang, T., Wang, X."Procaine induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma". Oncology Letters 28.3 (2024): 408.
Chicago
Hao, M., Zhang, C., Shi, N., Yuan, L., Zhang, T., Wang, X."Procaine induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma". Oncology Letters 28, no. 3 (2024): 408. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2024.14541
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hao M, Zhang C, Shi N, Yuan L, Zhang T and Wang X: Procaine induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 28: 408, 2024.
APA
Hao, M., Zhang, C., Shi, N., Yuan, L., Zhang, T., & Wang, X. (2024). Procaine induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oncology Letters, 28, 408. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2024.14541
MLA
Hao, M., Zhang, C., Shi, N., Yuan, L., Zhang, T., Wang, X."Procaine induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma". Oncology Letters 28.3 (2024): 408.
Chicago
Hao, M., Zhang, C., Shi, N., Yuan, L., Zhang, T., Wang, X."Procaine induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma". Oncology Letters 28, no. 3 (2024): 408. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2024.14541
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team