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Sequential immunotherapy and bevacizumab treatments in glioblastoma multiforme: A case series and review of the literature

  • Authors:
    • Neyran Kertmen
    • Gozde Kavgaci
    • Ilgin Koc
    • Safak Parlak Sagol
    • Ahmet Ilkay Isikay
    • Gozde Yazici
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Ankara 06230, Turkey, Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Ankara 06230, Turkey, Department of Neurosurgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Ankara 06230, Turkey, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Ankara 06230, Turkey
    Copyright: © Kertmen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 146
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    Published online on: January 17, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.14892
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Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a tumor with a high refractory rate to immunotherapy and a low tumor mutational burden phenotype, leading to limited immunogenic neoantigens. The present study aimed to investigate the sequential use of immunotherapy and bevacizumab in patients with GBM, exploring the clinical outcomes and potential complications. Patients received various combinations of immunotherapy and bevacizumab after standard treatment, including surgery, radiotherapy and temozolomide. Clinical courses, radiological findings and treatment outcomes were monitored and documented during each clinical visit through routine physical examinations, imaging studies and review of medical records. The efficacy and side effects of this sequential drug approach remained unclear. The common features of these patients were a marked decline in cognitive function and clinical deterioration, assessed clinically in the absence of obvious tumor progression. Radiological evaluation was also performed, particularly for possible cerebrovascular events. In these cases, the potential for sequential treatment to suppress tumors while inducing cerebrovascular events was also investigated, and patients were not lost to overt tumor progression. Notably, further research is required to clarify the mechanisms of action and complications associated with the sequential use of immunotherapy and bevacizumab in the treatment of GBM.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Kertmen N, Kavgaci G, Koc I, Sagol SP, Isikay AI and Yazici G: Sequential immunotherapy and bevacizumab treatments in glioblastoma multiforme: A case series and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 29: 146, 2025.
APA
Kertmen, N., Kavgaci, G., Koc, I., Sagol, S.P., Isikay, A.I., & Yazici, G. (2025). Sequential immunotherapy and bevacizumab treatments in glioblastoma multiforme: A case series and review of the literature. Oncology Letters, 29, 146. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.14892
MLA
Kertmen, N., Kavgaci, G., Koc, I., Sagol, S. P., Isikay, A. I., Yazici, G."Sequential immunotherapy and bevacizumab treatments in glioblastoma multiforme: A case series and review of the literature". Oncology Letters 29.3 (2025): 146.
Chicago
Kertmen, N., Kavgaci, G., Koc, I., Sagol, S. P., Isikay, A. I., Yazici, G."Sequential immunotherapy and bevacizumab treatments in glioblastoma multiforme: A case series and review of the literature". Oncology Letters 29, no. 3 (2025): 146. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.14892
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Kertmen N, Kavgaci G, Koc I, Sagol SP, Isikay AI and Yazici G: Sequential immunotherapy and bevacizumab treatments in glioblastoma multiforme: A case series and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 29: 146, 2025.
APA
Kertmen, N., Kavgaci, G., Koc, I., Sagol, S.P., Isikay, A.I., & Yazici, G. (2025). Sequential immunotherapy and bevacizumab treatments in glioblastoma multiforme: A case series and review of the literature. Oncology Letters, 29, 146. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.14892
MLA
Kertmen, N., Kavgaci, G., Koc, I., Sagol, S. P., Isikay, A. I., Yazici, G."Sequential immunotherapy and bevacizumab treatments in glioblastoma multiforme: A case series and review of the literature". Oncology Letters 29.3 (2025): 146.
Chicago
Kertmen, N., Kavgaci, G., Koc, I., Sagol, S. P., Isikay, A. I., Yazici, G."Sequential immunotherapy and bevacizumab treatments in glioblastoma multiforme: A case series and review of the literature". Oncology Letters 29, no. 3 (2025): 146. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.14892
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