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Article Open Access

Baseline (modified) Glasgow prognostic score as a predictor of therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors: A systematic review and meta‑analysis

  • Authors:
    • Hong Ye
    • Meifang Li
  • View Affiliations

    Affiliations: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China, Department of Brain Disease, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
  • Published online on: February 13, 2025     https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.14931
  • Article Number: 184
  • Copyright: © Ye et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

A systemic analysis was performed to evaluate the prognostic utility of the Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) and the modified (m)GPS in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). The PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases were searched for entries added until May 1st, 2023, to obtain relevant articles for this study. The analysis examined several clinical outcomes, including overall survival (OS), progression‑free survival (PFS), objective response rate and disease control rate (DCR). In this analysis, a total of 38 articles with 3,772 patients were included. The pooled results indicated that patients with high GPS levels had shorter OS [GPS 2 vs. 0, hazard ratio (HR): 4.35, P<0.001; GPS 1 vs. 0, HR: 2.00, P<0.001; GPS 2 vs. 1/0, HR: 2.62, P<0.001; GPS 2/1 vs. 0, HR: 2.60, P<0.001) and PFS (GPS 2 vs. 0, HR: 2.11, P=0.001; GPS 1 vs. 0, HR: 1.33, P=0.001; GPS 2 vs. 1/0, HR: 2.11, P<0.001; GPS 2/1 vs. 0, HR: 1.62, P<0.001], as well as a lower DCR [GPS 2 vs. 1/0, odds ratio (OR): 0.53, P<0.001, GPS 2/1 vs. 0, OR: 0.51, P<0.001]. It was also found that patients with high mGPS levels had poorer OS (mGPS 2 vs. 0, HR: 3.15, P<0.001; mGPS 1 vs. 0, HR: 1.70, P<0.001; mGPS 2 vs. 1/0, HR: 1.95, P=0.049; mGPS 2/1 vs. 0, HR: 3.14, P=0.041; continuous variables, HR: 1.52, P<0.001) and PFS (mGPS 2 vs. 0, HR: 2.70, P<0.001; mGPS 1 vs. 0, HR: 1.74, P=0.016; mGPS 2 vs. 1/0, HR: 1.91, P=0.044; continuous variables, HR: 1.29, P<0.001), and lower DCR (mGPS 2 vs. 1/0, HR: 0.46, P<0.001). In conclusion, the GPS and mGPS were reliable predictors of outcomes in cancer patients treated with ICIs.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Ye H and Li M: Baseline (modified) Glasgow prognostic score as a predictor of therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Oncol Lett 29: 184, 2025.
APA
Ye, H., & Li, M. (2025). Baseline (modified) Glasgow prognostic score as a predictor of therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Oncology Letters, 29, 184. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.14931
MLA
Ye, H., Li, M."Baseline (modified) Glasgow prognostic score as a predictor of therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Oncology Letters 29.4 (2025): 184.
Chicago
Ye, H., Li, M."Baseline (modified) Glasgow prognostic score as a predictor of therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Oncology Letters 29, no. 4 (2025): 184. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.14931
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ye H and Li M: Baseline (modified) Glasgow prognostic score as a predictor of therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Oncol Lett 29: 184, 2025.
APA
Ye, H., & Li, M. (2025). Baseline (modified) Glasgow prognostic score as a predictor of therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Oncology Letters, 29, 184. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.14931
MLA
Ye, H., Li, M."Baseline (modified) Glasgow prognostic score as a predictor of therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Oncology Letters 29.4 (2025): 184.
Chicago
Ye, H., Li, M."Baseline (modified) Glasgow prognostic score as a predictor of therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Oncology Letters 29, no. 4 (2025): 184. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.14931
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