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Association between FGF10 expression and gland‑forming differentiation pattern in gastric adenocarcinoma: An immunohistochemical analysis

  • Authors:
    • Seito Fujibayashi
    • Kazuhiro Kobayashi
    • Hiroyuki Tomita
    • Daichi Watanabe
    • Masahide Endo
    • Ryoma Yokoi
    • Keita Matsumoto
    • Hirokatsu Hayashi
    • Masashi Kuno
    • Masahiro Fukada
    • Itaru Yasufuku
    • Yuta Sato
    • Ryuichi Asai
    • Jesse Yu Tajima
    • Akira Hara
    • Nobuhisa Matsuhashi
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Pediatric Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501‑1194, Japan, Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501‑1194, Japan, Department of Pharmacy, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu 501‑1194, Japan
    Copyright: © Fujibayashi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 479
    |
    Published online on: August 12, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15224
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Abstract

The histological classification of gastric adenocarcinoma influences its prognostic outcomes and therapeutic strategies. Although fibroblast growth factor (FGF)10 is important for gastric morphogenesis, its use as a molecular marker of gland‑forming differentiation pattern remains undefined. The present study examined 117 surgically resected gastric adenocarcinoma specimens using immunohistochemical analysis to evaluate the expression of FGF10 and FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2). Expression patterns in tumor cells and the surrounding stroma were assessed using a four‑tier scale. Associations between marker expression and histological differentiation were analyzed by multivariable ordinal logistic regression, adjusting for age, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor status. Elevated FGF10 expression was significantly associated with well‑differentiated, gland‑forming histological subtypes, particularly in moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma [adjusted odds ratio (OR) in tumor cells: 1.749, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.231‑2.487, P=0.002; adjusted OR in stroma: 2.418, 95% CI 1.123‑5.206, P=0.024]. Conversely, FGFR2 expression showed no association with differentiation pattern (adjusted OR: 0.908, 95% CI 0.452‑1.824, P=0.788). Survival analysis revealed no significant relationship between FGF10 or FGFR2 expression level and overall patient survival [hazard ratio (HR) for FGF10 in tumor cells: 0.823, 95% CI 0.640‑1.057, P=0.127; HR for FGF10 in stroma: 0.675, 95% CI 0.385‑1.183, P=0.170; HR for FGFR2 in tumor cells: 1.080, 95% CI 0.559‑2.085, P=0.819]. FGF10 may thus be a promising molecular marker of gland‑forming differentiation pattern in gastric adenocarcinoma, offering valuable insights for refining its histopathological classification. These findings may contribute to the development of stratification biomarkers for personalized therapeutic approaches, particularly for the selection of molecular‑targeted therapies. The absence of an association with overall survival, however, highlights the need for further investigations into the underlying mechanisms and their broader clinical significance.
View Figures

Figure 1

Expression of FGF10 and FGFR2 in
gastric cancer tissues. Representative immunohistochemical images
demonstrating the differential expression patterns of FGF10 and
FGFR2 in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues. (A) FGF10 immunoreactivity
in tumor cells (boxes), demonstrating heterogeneous cytoplasmic
expression patterns graded as negative (0), weakly positive (1+),
moderately positive (2+), and strongly positive (3+). (B) FGF10
expression in stromal compartments (boxes), exhibiting variable
immunopositivity across the four-tier intensity scale. (C) FGFR2
immunolocalization in tumor cells (boxes), showing differential
membrane and cytoplasmic staining intensities categorized according
to the standardized four-tier grading system. (A) Tumor cells
stained for FGF10, (C) tumor cells stained for FGFR2 and (B) stroma
including immune cells stained for FGF10 are shown in the insets as
higher magnification views of the boxed areas. Scale bars: black,
200 µm; red (insets), 20 µm. Tumor cells were identified as
malignant epithelial cells, distinguished by their characteristic
morphological features such as formation of abnormal glandular
structures, nuclear atypia (enlargement, irregular contours,
hyperchromasia), and cytoplasmic changes typical of gastric
adenocarcinoma. Stromal cells were identified as the non-neoplastic
cells within the connective tissue surrounding the tumor glands,
including fibroblasts, inflammatory cells (such as lymphocytes and
plasma cells), and vascular endothelial cells. FGF10, fibroblast
growth factor 10; FGFR2, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2.

Figure 2

Association between FGF10 expression
in tumor cells and stroma and histological subtype. (A) Association
between FGF10 expression levels in tumor cells and histological
subtypes (pap, tub1, tub2, por1, por2, sig). (B) Association
between FGF10 expression levels in stroma and histological subtypes
(pap, tub1, tub2, por1, por2, sig). (C) Predicted probability plot
showing the association between FGF10 expression levels in tumor
cells and histological tumor classifications. (D) Predicted
probability plot showing the association between FGF10 expression
levels in stroma and histological tumor classifications. In the
predicted probability plots, pap, tub1, tub2, and por1 were
classified as intestinal/indeterminate type, and por2 and sig were
classified as diffuse type. Solid lines represent the point
estimate of the predicted probability and gray shaded areas
indicate the 95% CIs, both derived from a logistic regression
model. Estimates calculated using maximum likelihood estimation.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01. FGF10, fibroblast growth factor 10; pap,
papillary adenocarcinoma; tub1, well-differentiated tubular
adenocarcinoma; tub2, moderately differentiated tubular
adenocarcinoma; por1, solid-type poorly differentiated
adenocarcinoma; por2, non-solid-type poorly differentiated
adenocarcinoma; sig, signet-ring cell carcinoma; OR, odds ratio;
CI, confidence interval.

Figure 3

Association between FGFR2 expression
in tumor cells and histological subtype. (A) Association between
FGFR2 expression levels in tumor cells and histological subtypes
(pap, tub1, tub2, por1, por2, sig). (B) Predicted probability plot
showing the association between FGFR2 expression levels in tumor
cells and histological tumor classifications. In the predicted
probability plots, pap, tub1, tub2, and por1 were classified as
intestinal/indeterminate type, and por2 and sig were classified as
diffuse type. Solid lines represent the point estimate of the
predicted probability and gray shaded areas indicate the 95% CIs,
both derived from a logistic regression model. Estimates calculated
using maximum likelihood estimation. FGFR2, fibroblast growth
factor receptor 2; pap, papillary adenocarcinoma; tub1,
well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma; tub2, moderately
differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma; por1, solid-type poorly
differentiated adenocarcinoma; por2, non-solid-type poorly
differentiated adenocarcinoma; sig, signet-ring cell carcinoma; CI,
confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.

Figure 4

Association between FGF10 and FGFR2
expression and postoperative OS. OS was analyzed according to the
four-tier expression scores (0, 1+, 2+, 3+) for (A) FGF10 in tumor
cells, (B) FGF10 in stroma, and (C) FGFR2 in tumor cells.
Kaplan-Meier curves are presented without shaded CIs for visual
clarity, but corresponding 95% CI values are shown numerically.
FGF10, fibroblast growth factor 10; FGFR2, fibroblast growth factor
receptor 2; OS, overall survival; CI, confidence interval; NA, not
available.
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Fujibayashi S, Kobayashi K, Tomita H, Watanabe D, Endo M, Yokoi R, Matsumoto K, Hayashi H, Kuno M, Fukada M, Fukada M, et al: Association between FGF10 expression and gland‑forming differentiation pattern in gastric adenocarcinoma: An immunohistochemical analysis. Oncol Lett 30: 479, 2025.
APA
Fujibayashi, S., Kobayashi, K., Tomita, H., Watanabe, D., Endo, M., Yokoi, R. ... Matsuhashi, N. (2025). Association between FGF10 expression and gland‑forming differentiation pattern in gastric adenocarcinoma: An immunohistochemical analysis. Oncology Letters, 30, 479. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15224
MLA
Fujibayashi, S., Kobayashi, K., Tomita, H., Watanabe, D., Endo, M., Yokoi, R., Matsumoto, K., Hayashi, H., Kuno, M., Fukada, M., Yasufuku, I., Sato, Y., Asai, R., Tajima, J. Y., Hara, A., Matsuhashi, N."Association between FGF10 expression and gland‑forming differentiation pattern in gastric adenocarcinoma: An immunohistochemical analysis". Oncology Letters 30.4 (2025): 479.
Chicago
Fujibayashi, S., Kobayashi, K., Tomita, H., Watanabe, D., Endo, M., Yokoi, R., Matsumoto, K., Hayashi, H., Kuno, M., Fukada, M., Yasufuku, I., Sato, Y., Asai, R., Tajima, J. Y., Hara, A., Matsuhashi, N."Association between FGF10 expression and gland‑forming differentiation pattern in gastric adenocarcinoma: An immunohistochemical analysis". Oncology Letters 30, no. 4 (2025): 479. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15224
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Fujibayashi S, Kobayashi K, Tomita H, Watanabe D, Endo M, Yokoi R, Matsumoto K, Hayashi H, Kuno M, Fukada M, Fukada M, et al: Association between FGF10 expression and gland‑forming differentiation pattern in gastric adenocarcinoma: An immunohistochemical analysis. Oncol Lett 30: 479, 2025.
APA
Fujibayashi, S., Kobayashi, K., Tomita, H., Watanabe, D., Endo, M., Yokoi, R. ... Matsuhashi, N. (2025). Association between FGF10 expression and gland‑forming differentiation pattern in gastric adenocarcinoma: An immunohistochemical analysis. Oncology Letters, 30, 479. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15224
MLA
Fujibayashi, S., Kobayashi, K., Tomita, H., Watanabe, D., Endo, M., Yokoi, R., Matsumoto, K., Hayashi, H., Kuno, M., Fukada, M., Yasufuku, I., Sato, Y., Asai, R., Tajima, J. Y., Hara, A., Matsuhashi, N."Association between FGF10 expression and gland‑forming differentiation pattern in gastric adenocarcinoma: An immunohistochemical analysis". Oncology Letters 30.4 (2025): 479.
Chicago
Fujibayashi, S., Kobayashi, K., Tomita, H., Watanabe, D., Endo, M., Yokoi, R., Matsumoto, K., Hayashi, H., Kuno, M., Fukada, M., Yasufuku, I., Sato, Y., Asai, R., Tajima, J. Y., Hara, A., Matsuhashi, N."Association between FGF10 expression and gland‑forming differentiation pattern in gastric adenocarcinoma: An immunohistochemical analysis". Oncology Letters 30, no. 4 (2025): 479. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15224
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