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Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
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June-2026 Volume 31 Issue 6

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Mechanism of action of alkaloids in Fritillaria‑induced autophagy and apoptosis in non‑small cell lung cancer

  • Authors:
    • Mengru Teng
    • Mengrui Zhang
    • Jun He
    • Wai Ming Tse
    • Kathy Wai Gaun Tse
    • Chengwu Liu
    • Bengui Ye

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Key Laboratory of Drug‑Targeting and Drug Delivery System of The Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‑Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, Nin Jiom Medicine Manufactory (Hong Kong) Limited, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, P.R. China, Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Teng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 243
    |
    Published online on: April 15, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15598
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Abstract

The medicinal plant, Fritillaria (commonly known as beimu), exerts notable therapeutic effects on respiratory tract and lung diseases. Its active alkaloid components have exhibited efficacy against non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The present study screened the anti‑NSCLC protein targets of alkaloids in Fritillaria and validated their functional activity in vitro. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that alkaloids with activity against NSCLC target >300 proteins. Verticinone and ebeiedinone inhibited the proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells. After treating H1299 and A549 cells with 15 µM verticinone, the cell survival rate dropped to 75.57±4.80% and 68.9±3.06%, respectively. After treating both cell lines with 15 µM ebeiedinone, the cell survival rates dropped to 65.75±6.44% and 67±3.20%, respectively. At 30 µM, ebeiedinone could induce 26.44% of the cells to undergo apoptosis, which collectively indicates that the two compounds have anti‑proliferative and induction of apoptosis effects on NSCLC cells. Additionally, the expression of LC3‑II induced by ebeiedinone (30 µM) was significantly increased in the presence of the autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, suggesting an enhancement of the autophagic flux. In summary, the findings of the present study demonstrated the significant inhibitory effect of Fritillaria alkaloids on NSCLC, which was closely associated with increased apoptosis and autophagy.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Teng M, Zhang M, He J, Tse WM, Tse KG, Liu C and Ye B: Mechanism of action of alkaloids in <em>Fritillaria</em>‑induced autophagy and apoptosis in non‑small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 31: 243, 2026.
APA
Teng, M., Zhang, M., He, J., Tse, W.M., Tse, K.G., Liu, C., & Ye, B. (2026). Mechanism of action of alkaloids in <em>Fritillaria</em>‑induced autophagy and apoptosis in non‑small cell lung cancer. Oncology Letters, 31, 243. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15598
MLA
Teng, M., Zhang, M., He, J., Tse, W. M., Tse, K. G., Liu, C., Ye, B."Mechanism of action of alkaloids in <em>Fritillaria</em>‑induced autophagy and apoptosis in non‑small cell lung cancer". Oncology Letters 31.6 (2026): 243.
Chicago
Teng, M., Zhang, M., He, J., Tse, W. M., Tse, K. G., Liu, C., Ye, B."Mechanism of action of alkaloids in <em>Fritillaria</em>‑induced autophagy and apoptosis in non‑small cell lung cancer". Oncology Letters 31, no. 6 (2026): 243. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15598
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Teng M, Zhang M, He J, Tse WM, Tse KG, Liu C and Ye B: Mechanism of action of alkaloids in <em>Fritillaria</em>‑induced autophagy and apoptosis in non‑small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 31: 243, 2026.
APA
Teng, M., Zhang, M., He, J., Tse, W.M., Tse, K.G., Liu, C., & Ye, B. (2026). Mechanism of action of alkaloids in <em>Fritillaria</em>‑induced autophagy and apoptosis in non‑small cell lung cancer. Oncology Letters, 31, 243. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15598
MLA
Teng, M., Zhang, M., He, J., Tse, W. M., Tse, K. G., Liu, C., Ye, B."Mechanism of action of alkaloids in <em>Fritillaria</em>‑induced autophagy and apoptosis in non‑small cell lung cancer". Oncology Letters 31.6 (2026): 243.
Chicago
Teng, M., Zhang, M., He, J., Tse, W. M., Tse, K. G., Liu, C., Ye, B."Mechanism of action of alkaloids in <em>Fritillaria</em>‑induced autophagy and apoptosis in non‑small cell lung cancer". Oncology Letters 31, no. 6 (2026): 243. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15598
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