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Next‑generation sequencing elucidates the distinct mutational landscape of SMARCA4‑deficient lung cancer

  • Authors:
    • Feicheng Yang
    • Yuzhong Yang
    • Zhihong Chen
    • Yanchun Li
    • Yinghui Song
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pathology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R China, Department of Pathology, Guilin Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 541001, P.R. China, Department of Pathology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R China, Central Laboratory, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 281
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    Published online on: May 5, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15636
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Abstract

Lung cancer with SMARCA4 deficiency has a high degree of malignancy and a low degree of differentiation. It is a newly discovered type of tumor closely related to gene mutations. The present study aimed to clarify the molecular mutation characteristics of SMARCA4‑deficient lung cancer using next‑generation sequencing (NGS). NGS sequencing was conducted to analyze the gene expression profile of 15 patients with SMARCA4‑deficient lung cancer, with positive or negative EGFR expression, and the association between gene mutation sites and SMARCA4 expression was analyzed. The pathological characteristics of SMARCA4‑deficient lung cancer were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The likelihood of positivity for the programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 protein was low, and there were no instances of positivity for anaplastic lymphoma kinase protein expression. Approximately 50% of Ki67‑positive expression regions were present. The BOI‑related E3 ubiquitin‑protein ligase 1 protein encoded by the SMARCA4 gene was not expressed; however, the INI1 protein encoded by SMARCB1 was partially positive (6/15), which showed that the expression of INI1 was not affected by SMARCA4. The SMARCA4 mutation types included c.2729C>T (p.T910M), c.3634_3636del (p.E1212del), c.3574C>T (p.R1192C), and c.3733G>A (p.A1245T). NQO1 and TP53 mutations were detected in nine patients, XRCC1 mutation was detected in seven patients, DPYD mutation was detected in six patients and TYMS mutation was detected in five patients. The mutated genes were more resistant to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. In conclusion, patients with SMARCA4‑deficient lung cancer have distinct immunohistochemical characteristics, and SMARCA4 has been implicated in the incidence and progression of tumors through different mutation mechanisms.
View Figures

Figure 1

H&E staining and diagnostic
immunohistochemical staining of lung cancer tissues. (A) H&E
staining shows that the tumor cells were solid and distributed in
patches, with a large number of tumor cells and a diffuse
distribution (scale bar, 200 µm). (B) The tumor cells are vesicular
in shape, large in size and the cytoplasm is lightly stained (scale
bar, 25 µm). (C) H&E staining shows that a poorly
differentiated tumor with singular nuclei and large tumor cells
with giant nuclei in SMARCA4-dNSCLC cases (scale bar, 25
µm). (D) Ki67 expression shows 50% positivity (scale bar, 100 µm).
Adeno-epithelial markers (scale bar, 100 µm). (E) CK7, (F) NapsinA
and (G) TTF-1 show positivity in bronchial and alveolar epithelium,
whereas tumor tissue shows negativity (scale bar, 100 µm). Both
squamous epithelial markers (H) P63 and (I) P40 show positive
basement membrane and negative tumor tissue (scale bar, 100 µm).
Neuroendocrine markers (J) Syn and (K) CD56 show weak positivity or
negativity (scale bar, 100 µm). (L) The mesenchymal marker Vimentin
shows strong positivity in tumor cells (scale bar, 100µm). H&E,
hematoxylin and eosin; dNSCLC, deficient non-small cell lung
cancer; Syn, synaptophysin; TTF-1, thyroid transcription
factor-1.

Figure 2

Immunohistochemical staining of EGFR,
PD-L1, ALK and P53 in lung cancer tissue. (A) EGFR shows
positively-stained cancer cells. (B) EGFR shows negative-stained
cancer cells. (C) PD-L1 shows positively-stained cancer cells. (D)
PD-L1 shows negatively-stained cancer cells. (E) ALK shows
negatively-stained cancer cells. (F) P53 shows positively-stained
cancer cells. (G) P53 shows negatively-stained cancer cells. (H)
P53 shows positively-stained cancer cells. Scale bar, 50 µm. (I)
The proportion of negative and positive staining of EGFR, PD-L1 and
ALK. (J) The proportion of mutated and wild-type P53. PD-L1,
programmed cell death 1 ligand 1; ALK, anaplastic lymphoma
kinase.

Figure 3

SMARCA4 mutation in patients
with SMARCA4-dNSCLC. (A) The SMARCA4 mutation site in
15 patients with SMARCA4-dNSCLC. (B) The proportion of
negative and positive staining of BRG1 and INI1 (scale bar, 100
µm). (C) Representative images of negative and positive staining of
INI1 (left images scale bars, 200 µm; right images scale bars, 50
µm). dNSCLC, deficient non-small cell lung cancer; BRG1,
BOI-related E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase 1; HSA, Homo
sapiens.

Figure 4

Characteristics of gene mutations in
SMARCA4-deficient lung cancer. (A) Genes with a mutation
frequency ≥3 in 15 patients with SMARCA4-dNSCLC. (B)
Enrichment analysis of all mutated genes in 15 patients with
SMARCA4-dNSCLC. dNSCLC, deficient non-small cell lung
cancer.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yang F, Yang Y, Chen Z, Li Y and Song Y: Next‑generation sequencing elucidates the distinct mutational landscape of SMARCA4‑deficient lung cancer. Oncol Lett 32: 281, 2026.
APA
Yang, F., Yang, Y., Chen, Z., Li, Y., & Song, Y. (2026). Next‑generation sequencing elucidates the distinct mutational landscape of SMARCA4‑deficient lung cancer. Oncology Letters, 32, 281. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15636
MLA
Yang, F., Yang, Y., Chen, Z., Li, Y., Song, Y."Next‑generation sequencing elucidates the distinct mutational landscape of SMARCA4‑deficient lung cancer". Oncology Letters 32.1 (2026): 281.
Chicago
Yang, F., Yang, Y., Chen, Z., Li, Y., Song, Y."Next‑generation sequencing elucidates the distinct mutational landscape of SMARCA4‑deficient lung cancer". Oncology Letters 32, no. 1 (2026): 281. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15636
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Yang F, Yang Y, Chen Z, Li Y and Song Y: Next‑generation sequencing elucidates the distinct mutational landscape of SMARCA4‑deficient lung cancer. Oncol Lett 32: 281, 2026.
APA
Yang, F., Yang, Y., Chen, Z., Li, Y., & Song, Y. (2026). Next‑generation sequencing elucidates the distinct mutational landscape of SMARCA4‑deficient lung cancer. Oncology Letters, 32, 281. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15636
MLA
Yang, F., Yang, Y., Chen, Z., Li, Y., Song, Y."Next‑generation sequencing elucidates the distinct mutational landscape of SMARCA4‑deficient lung cancer". Oncology Letters 32.1 (2026): 281.
Chicago
Yang, F., Yang, Y., Chen, Z., Li, Y., Song, Y."Next‑generation sequencing elucidates the distinct mutational landscape of SMARCA4‑deficient lung cancer". Oncology Letters 32, no. 1 (2026): 281. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15636
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