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Review Open Access

Clinical implications of lactylation modification in digestive system tumors (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Lin Pan
    • Fengye Liu
    • Wenjing Yu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Laboratory for Research on Molecular Mechanisms of Tumors, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Pan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 302
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    Published online on: May 19, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15657
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Abstract

Lactylation, a novel post‑translational modification, has emerged as a critical mechanistic link between metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic regulation in cancer. The present review aimed to synthesize emerging evidence on the role of lysine lactylation in the pathogenesis and progression of major digestive system malignancies, including esophageal, gastric, colorectal, hepatocellular and pancreatic cancer. The molecular mechanisms through which lactate‑derived lactylation modifies histone and non‑histone proteins are described, which thereby regulate key oncogenic processes such as metabolic adaptation, cancer stemness maintenance, epithelial‑mesenchymal transition, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment remodeling, angiogenesis, perineural invasion and therapeutic resistance. The translational potential of targeting the lactylation axis by inhibiting lactate production, blocking lactate transport or directly modulating lactylation‑related enzymes are explored, and the development of lactylation‑based prognostic models and their implications for innovative combination strategies to overcome treatment resistance are also highlighted. The present review highlights lactylation as a pivotal regulator in digestive oncology and a promising target for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
View Figures

Figure 1

Lactate production, transport, and
the mechanism of lactylation. Meanwhile, pyruvate generated from
glucose through anaerobic glycolysis, as well as pyruvate derived
from the citrate cleavage pathway, is converted to lactate under
hypoxic conditions. Lactate can be translocated into the nucleus,
where it is converted to lactyl-CoA through catalysis by ACSS2 or
GTPSCS. With the involvement of writer and eraser enzymes,
lactyl-CoA participates in histone lactylation and delactylation.
Subsequently, with the assistance of reader enzymes, gene
expression can be regulated. Additionally, lactate can directly
participate in non-histone lactylation through catalysis by AARS.
Furthermore, methylglyoxal is metabolized to lactoylglutathione,
which serves as a lactyl donor, covalently linking lactyl groups to
lysine residues on proteins via non-enzymatic acyl transfer
reactions. MCT, membrane by monocarboxylate transporter; GLUT,
glucose transporter; AARS1, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases 1; AARS2,
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases 2; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex;
LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; Kla, lysine lactylation; ACSS2,
acetyl-CoA synthetase 2; HDAC, histone deacetylase; SIRT, sirtuin;
GTPSCS, GTP-specific succinyl-CoA; DPF2, double PHD fingers 2;
GCN5, lysine acetyltransferase 2A; CBP, CREB-binding protein; α-KG,
α-ketoglutarate; Co-A; coenzyme A; HBO1, histone acetyltransferase
binding to ORC1.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Pan L, Liu F and Yu W: Clinical implications of lactylation modification in digestive system tumors (Review). Oncol Lett 32: 302, 2026.
APA
Pan, L., Liu, F., & Yu, W. (2026). Clinical implications of lactylation modification in digestive system tumors (Review). Oncology Letters, 32, 302. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15657
MLA
Pan, L., Liu, F., Yu, W."Clinical implications of lactylation modification in digestive system tumors (Review)". Oncology Letters 32.1 (2026): 302.
Chicago
Pan, L., Liu, F., Yu, W."Clinical implications of lactylation modification in digestive system tumors (Review)". Oncology Letters 32, no. 1 (2026): 302. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15657
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Pan L, Liu F and Yu W: Clinical implications of lactylation modification in digestive system tumors (Review). Oncol Lett 32: 302, 2026.
APA
Pan, L., Liu, F., & Yu, W. (2026). Clinical implications of lactylation modification in digestive system tumors (Review). Oncology Letters, 32, 302. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15657
MLA
Pan, L., Liu, F., Yu, W."Clinical implications of lactylation modification in digestive system tumors (Review)". Oncology Letters 32.1 (2026): 302.
Chicago
Pan, L., Liu, F., Yu, W."Clinical implications of lactylation modification in digestive system tumors (Review)". Oncology Letters 32, no. 1 (2026): 302. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15657
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