Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
July-2026 Volume 32 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2026 Volume 32 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article

Survival prediction in stage II/III rectal cancer: Role of immune‑inflammatory biomarkers post neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy

  • Authors:
    • Bingjie Li
    • Taotao Huang
    • Shijing Xu
    • Yuhuan Ye
    • Yong Liu
    • Xiaoyu Wang
    • Yongsheng Wang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
  • Article Number: 317
    |
    Published online on: May 29, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15672
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:


Abstract

 The precise prediction of survival outcomes in rectal cancer is essential for the development of personalized treatment strategies, particularly due to the heterogeneity in patient prognosis and response to therapy. The present study examined the prognostic significance of immune‑inflammatory markers, in predicting outcomes of patients with stage II and III rectal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT). The present retrospective cohort analysis included 651 patients diagnosed with stage II/III rectal cancer, all of whom underwent NCRT as part of their treatment regimen. Data relative to clinical and pathological variables, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, eosinophil count and the neutrophil‑to‑lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were collected and examined. These variables were subjected to multivariate Cox regression analysis to independently predict overall survival (OS) and disease‑free survival (DFS). Furthermore, prognostic nomograms were constructed and validated to enhance the prediction of patient outcomes. CEA, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, eosinophil count and the NLR were determined to be independent predictors of OS and DFS in Cox regression analyses. A nomogram was constructed to incorporate these five prognostic biomarkers, which demonstrated good calibration and accurately predicted outcomes, with close agreement between the predicted and observed results. Notably, elevated post‑NCRT NLR was significantly associated with poorer survival. In conclusion, the present study constructed and validated a prognostic model to predict OS and DFS in patients with stage II/III rectal cancer receiving NCRT, based on readily accessible clinical biomarkers. This model may have potential clinical utility for prognosis.
View Figures

Figure 1

Flow chart of the patient selection
process and the study design. NCRT, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy;
TME, total mesorectal excision; RC, rectal cancer; CEA,
carcinoembryonic antigen.

Figure 2

Nomogram for predicting 3-year
overall survival based on CEA, neutrophils, lymphocytes,
eosinophils, and post-NCRT NLR parameters. CEA, carcinoembryonic
antigen; NCRT, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy; NLR,
neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; LYM, lymphocytes; EOS,
eosinophil.

Figure 3

Nomogram for predicting 3-year
disease-free survival based on CEA, neutrophils, lymphocytes,
eosinophils, and post-NCRT NLR parameters. CEA, carcinoembryonic
antigen; NCRT, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy; NLR,
neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; LYM, lymphocytes; EOS,
eosinophil.

Figure 4

Calibration curves for the nomograms
of overall survival and DFS. DFS, disease-free survival.
View References

1 

Benson AB, Venook AP, Al-Hawary MM, Arain MA, Chen YJ, Ciombor KK, Cohen S, Cooper HS, Deming D, Garrido-Laguna I, et al: NCCN guidelines insights: Rectal cancer, version 6.2020. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 18:806–815. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Benson AB, Venook AP, Al-Hawary MM, Azad N, Chen YJ, Ciombor KK, Cohen S, Cooper HS, Deming D, Garrido-Laguna I, et al: Rectal cancer, version 2.2022, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 20:1139–1167. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Zhang X, Ma S, Guo Y, Luo Y and Li L: Total neoadjuvant therapy versus standard therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 trials. PLoS One. 17:e02765992022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Zhao JY, Tang QQ, Luo YT, Wang SM, Zhu XR and Wang XY: Predictive value of a serum tumor biomarkers scoring system for clinical stage II/III rectal cancer with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 14:2014–2024. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Donnelly M, Ryan OK, Ryan ÉJ, Creavin B, O'Reilly M, McDermott R, Kennelly R, Hanly A, Martin ST and Winter DC: Total neoadjuvant therapy versus standard neoadjuvant treatment strategies for the management of locally advanced rectal cancer: Network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Br J Surg. 110:1316–1330. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Zhu J, Lian J, Xu B, Pang X, Ji S, Zhao Y and Lu H: Neoadjuvant immunotherapy for colorectal cancer: Right regimens, right patients, right directions? Front Immunol. 14:11206842023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Guida A, Sensi B, Formica V, D'Angelillo R, Roselli M, Del Vecchio Blanco G, Rossi P, Capolupo GT, Caricato M and Sica GS: Total neoadjuvant therapy for the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer: A systematic minireview. Biol Direct. 17:162022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Marco MR, Zhou L, Patil S, Marcet JE, Varma MG, Oommen S, Cataldo PA, Hunt SR, Kumar A, Herzig DO, et al: Consolidation mFOLFOX6 chemotherapy after chemoradiotherapy improves survival in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: Final results of a multicenter phase II trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 61:1146–1155. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Garcia-Aguilar J, Patil S, Gollub MJ, Kim JK, Yuval JB, Thompson HM, Verheij FS, Omer DM, Lee M, Dunne RF, et al: Organ preservation in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma treated with total neoadjuvant therapy. J Clin Oncol. 40:2546–2556. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Bauer PS, Chapman WC Jr, Atallah C, Makhdoom BA, Damle A, Smith RK, Wise PE, Glasgow SC, Silviera ML, Hunt SR and Mutch MG: Perioperative complications after proctectomy for rectal cancer: Does neoadjuvant regimen matter? Ann Surg. 275:e428–e432. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Petrelli F, Trevisan F, Cabiddu M, Sgroi G, Bruschieri L, Rausa E, Ghidini M and Turati L: Total neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment outcomes. Ann Surg. 271:440–448. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Gago T, Caldeira P, Cunha AC, Campelo P and Guerreiro H: Can we optimize CEA as a response marker in rectal cancer? Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 113:423–428. 2021.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Cheong C, Shin JS and Suh KW: Prognostic value of changes in serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels for preoperative chemoradiotherapy response in locally advanced rectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 26:7022–7035. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Li B, Han J, Wang F, Yu B, Wang G and Yang F: Factors affecting survival prognosis of patients with rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Front Oncol. 15:15626342025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Morais M, Fonseca T, Machado-Neves R, Honavar M, Coelho AR, Lopes J, Barbosa E, Guerreiro E and Carneiro S: Can pretreatment blood biomarkers predict pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer? Front Oncol. 17:4947–4957. 2021.

16 

Sun GW, Shook TL and Kay GL: Inappropriate use of bivariable analysis to screen risk factors for use in multivariable analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 49:907–916. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Beauchemin N and Arabzadeh A: Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) in cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 32:643–671. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Chen Y, Liu D, Wang Z, Lin Y, Jiang X, Liu J and Lian L: Machine learning-based dynamic CEA trajectory and prognosis in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer. 25:12212025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Kau SY, Shyr YM, Su CH, Wu CW and Lui WY: Diagnostic and prognostic values of CA 19-9 and CEA in periampullary cancers. J Am Coll Surg. 188:415–420. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Bast RC Jr, Ravdin P, Hayes DF, Bates S, Fritsche H Jr, Jessup JM, Kemeny N, Locker GY, Mennel RG and Somerfield MR; American Society of Clinical Oncology Tumor Markers Expert Panel, : 2000 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in breast and colorectal cancer: Clinical practice guidelines of the American society of clinical oncology. J Clin Oncol. 19:1865–1878. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Vogel JD, Felder SI, Bhama AR, Hawkins AT, Langenfeld SJ, Shaffer VO, Thorsen AJ, Weiser MR, Chang GJ, Lightner AL, et al: The American society of colon and rectal surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 65:148–177. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

You YN, Hardiman KM, Bafford A, Poylin V, Francone TD, Davis K, Paquette IM, Steele SR and Feingold DL: On Behalf of the Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Society of Colon Rectal Surgeons: The American society of colon and rectal surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 63:1191–1222. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Dowaki S, Kijima H, Kashiwagi H, Ohtani Y, Tobita K, Tsukui M, Tanaka Y, Tazawa K, Matsubayashi H, Tsuchida T, et al: CEA immunohistochemical localization is correlated with growth and metastasis of human gallbladder carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 16:49–53. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Kijima H, Oshiba G, Kenmochi T, Kise Y, Tanaka H, Chino O, Shimada H, Ueyama Y, Tanaka M and Makuuchi H: Stromal CEA immunoreactivity is correlated with lymphatic invasion of human esophageal carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 16:677–681. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Reinert T, Henriksen TV, Christensen E, Sharma S, Salari R, Sethi H, Knudsen M, Nordentoft I, Wu HT, Tin AS, et al: Analysis of plasma cell-free DNA by ultradeep sequencing in patients with stages I to III colorectal cancer. JAMA Oncol. 5:1124–1131. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Mo S, Ye L, Wang D, Han L, Zhou S, Wang H, Dai W, Wang Y, Luo W, Wang R, et al: Early detection of molecular residual disease and risk stratification for stage I to III colorectal cancer via circulating tumor DNA methylation. JAMA Oncol. 9:770–778. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Henriksen TV, Tarazona N, Frydendahl A, Reinert T, Gimeno-Valiente F, Carbonell-Asins JA, Sharma S, Renner D, Hafez D, Roda D, et al: Circulating tumor DNA in stage III colorectal cancer, beyond minimal residual disease detection, toward assessment of adjuvant therapy efficacy and clinical behavior of recurrences. Clin Cancer Res. 28:507–517. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Jeong S, Nam TK, Jeong JU, Kim SH, Kim K, Jang HS, Jeong BK and Lee JH: Postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level has a prognostic value for distant metastasis and survival in rectal cancer patients who receive preoperative chemoradiotherapy and curative surgery: A retrospective multi-institutional analysis. Clin Exp Metastasis. 33:809–816. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Al-Masri M, Safi Y, Almasri M, Kardan R, Mustafa D, Alayyan O, Kahalah B and AlMasri R: Prognostic value of dynamic changes in immune-inflammatory and tumor biomarkers following chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Cancers (Basel). 17:33832025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Ning S, Wei W, Li J, Hou B, Zhong J, Xie Y, Liu H, Mo X, Chen J and Zhang L: Clinical significance and diagnostic capacity of serum TK1, CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 levels in gastric and colorectal cancer patients. J Cancer. 9:494–501. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Xie H, Wei L, Wang Q, Tang S and Gan J: Grading carcinoembryonic antigen levels can enhance the effectiveness of prognostic stratification in patients with colorectal cancer: A single-centre retrospective study. BMJ Open. 14:e0842192024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Zahorec R: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, past, present and future perspectives. Bratisl Lek Listy. 122:474–488. 2021.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Zheng X, Zhou L, Shi H, An J, Xu W, Ding X, Hua Y, Shi W and Li X: Immune-inflammatory markers and clinical characteristics as predictors of the depth of response and prognosis of patients with PD-L1 ≥50% metastatic non-small cell lung cancer receiving first-line immunotherapy. Thorac Cancer. 15:2029–2037. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Li F, Wang Y, Dou H, Chen X, Wang J and Xiao M: Association of immune inflammatory biomarkers with pathological complete response and clinical prognosis in young breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Front Oncol. 14:13490212024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Chen Q, Zhai B, Li J, Wang H, Liu Z, Shi R, Wu H, Xu Y and Ji S: Systemic immune-inflammatory index predict short-term outcome in recurrent/metastatic and locally advanced cervical cancer patients treated with PD-1 inhibitor. Sci Rep. 14:315282024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Szczerba BM, Castro-Giner F, Vetter M, Krol I, Gkountela S, Landin J, Scheidmann MC, Donato C, Scherrer R, Singer J, et al: Neutrophils escort circulating tumour cells to enable cell cycle progression. Nature. 566:553–557. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Cristinziano L, Modestino L, Antonelli A, Marone G, Simon HU, Varricchi G and Galdiero MR: Neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 79:91–104. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Coffelt SB, Kersten K, Doornebal CW, Weiden J, Vrijland K, Hau CS, Verstegen NJM, Ciampricotti M, Hawinkels LJAC, Jonkers J and de Visser KE: IL-17-producing γδ T cells and neutrophils conspire to promote breast cancer metastasis. Nature. 522:345–348. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Huang CX, Lao XM, Wang XY, Ren YZ, Lu YT, Shi W, Wang YZ, Wu CY, Xu L, Chen MS, et al: Pericancerous cross-presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes impairs immunotherapeutic efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell. 42:2082–2097.e10. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Grisaru-Tal S, Itan M, Klion AD and Munitz A: A new dawn for eosinophils in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer. 20:594–607. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Ding Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Wang Q, Zhu S, Jiang J, He C, Wang J, Tou L, Zheng J, et al: Blood biomarker-based predictive indicator for liver metastasis in alpha-fetoprotein-producing gastric cancer and multi-omics tumor microenvironment insights. Adv Sci (Weinh). 12:e034992025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Amin MB, Greene FL, Edge SB, Compton CC, Gershenwald JE, Brookland RK, Meyer L, Gress DM, Byrd DR and Winchester DP: The eighth edition AJCC cancer staging manual: Continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more ‘personalized’ approach to cancer staging. CA Cancer J Clin. 67:93–99. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

43 

Ganesh K, Stadler ZK, Cercek A, Mendelsohn RB, Shia J, Segal NH and Diaz LA Jr: Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: Rationale, challenges and potential. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 16:361–375. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li B, Huang T, Xu S, Ye Y, Liu Y, Wang X and Wang Y: Survival prediction in stage II/III rectal cancer: Role of immune‑inflammatory biomarkers post neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Oncol Lett 32: 317, 2026.
APA
Li, B., Huang, T., Xu, S., Ye, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, X., & Wang, Y. (2026). Survival prediction in stage II/III rectal cancer: Role of immune‑inflammatory biomarkers post neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Oncology Letters, 32, 317. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15672
MLA
Li, B., Huang, T., Xu, S., Ye, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Wang, Y."Survival prediction in stage II/III rectal cancer: Role of immune‑inflammatory biomarkers post neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy". Oncology Letters 32.1 (2026): 317.
Chicago
Li, B., Huang, T., Xu, S., Ye, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Wang, Y."Survival prediction in stage II/III rectal cancer: Role of immune‑inflammatory biomarkers post neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy". Oncology Letters 32, no. 1 (2026): 317. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15672
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li B, Huang T, Xu S, Ye Y, Liu Y, Wang X and Wang Y: Survival prediction in stage II/III rectal cancer: Role of immune‑inflammatory biomarkers post neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Oncol Lett 32: 317, 2026.
APA
Li, B., Huang, T., Xu, S., Ye, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, X., & Wang, Y. (2026). Survival prediction in stage II/III rectal cancer: Role of immune‑inflammatory biomarkers post neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Oncology Letters, 32, 317. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15672
MLA
Li, B., Huang, T., Xu, S., Ye, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Wang, Y."Survival prediction in stage II/III rectal cancer: Role of immune‑inflammatory biomarkers post neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy". Oncology Letters 32.1 (2026): 317.
Chicago
Li, B., Huang, T., Xu, S., Ye, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Wang, Y."Survival prediction in stage II/III rectal cancer: Role of immune‑inflammatory biomarkers post neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy". Oncology Letters 32, no. 1 (2026): 317. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15672
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team