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Role of long non‑coding RNA HCG11 in human cancers: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Qiong-Feng Tan
    • Bo Chen
    • Hai-Feng Hu
    • Huang Liu
    • Wen Huang
    • Wei Mu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of General Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Tan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 390
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    Published online on: July 3, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15745
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Abstract

Long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts >200 nucleotides in length that have no protein‑coding potential and are important regulators of tumor development. Among them, HLA complex group 11 (HCG11) is a newly discovered lncRNA encoded by a gene located on chromosome 6p22.2, which consists of one exon. In recent years, interest in target molecules has increased because of their dysregulated expression in a number of cancers and their notable association with clinicopathological variables. Growing evidence has indicated that HCG11 is involved in tumor development mainly through interactions with target proteins, the sequestration of microRNAs and the participation of the MAPK, PI3K/AKT and Notch/hairy and enhancer of split‑1 pathways. Together, the molecular mechanisms involved in the malignant tumor phenotype include proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis, cell cycle, drug resistance and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition. The expression of HCG11 is closely related to tumor grade, differentiation, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and prognosis. The present review provides an overview of the abnormal expression pattern, molecular mechanism and clinical relevance of HCG11 in malignant tumors. HCG11 has potential for use as a diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
View Figures

Figure 1

Schematic of lncRNA HCG11. HCG11 is
located on human chromosome 6p22.2 and contains only one transcript
and one exon (extracted from the NCBI-Gene database). lncRNA, long
non-coding RNA; HCG11, HLA complex group 11; hnRNA, heterogeneous
nuclear RNA.

Figure 2

HCG11 is predominantly localized in
the cytoplasm of common cell lines. Bar plot from lncATLAS analysis
(http://lncatlas.crg.eu/). HCG11, HLA
complex group 11; FPKM, fragments per kilobase million; CN RCI,
cellular normalized read count index.

Figure 3

HCG11 expression patterns in
different cancer and normal tissues were analyzed using the GEPIA2
online database. HCG11, HLA complex group 11; T, tumor; N,
normal.

Figure 4

Clinical relevance and functional
mechanisms of HCG11 in human cancers. On the left, HCG11 can be
detected in tumor tissues and blood samples, and its dysregulation
regulates core malignant phenotypes of cancer cells, including
proliferation, invasion and migration. On the right, the diagnostic
value of HCG11 validated by ROC curve analysis and its prognostic
significance correlated with tumor stage, metastasis, recurrence
and recurrence-free survival is shown. The functional effects of
HCG11 on cancer progression, including its roles in proliferation,
invasion, apoptosis, metabolism, and chemoresistance, as supported
by in vitro and in vivo experiments, are presented.
HCG11, HLA complex group 11; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA.

Figure 5

Schematic of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA
regulatory network of HCG11 in human cancers. HCG11, HLA complex
group 11; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; miRNA/miR, microRNA.

Figure 6

Regulatory mechanisms of HCG11 via
protein interactions and classical signaling pathways. HCG11
interacts with multiple functional proteins and modulates the
activity of the MAPK, PI3K/AKT and Notch/Hes1 signaling cascades to
regulate tumor biological behaviors. HCG11, HLA complex group 11;
Hes1, hairy and enhancer of split-1.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Tan Q, Chen B, Hu H, Liu H, Huang W and Mu W: Role of long non‑coding RNA HCG11 in human cancers: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications (Review). Oncol Lett 32: 390, 2026.
APA
Tan, Q., Chen, B., Hu, H., Liu, H., Huang, W., & Mu, W. (2026). Role of long non‑coding RNA HCG11 in human cancers: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications (Review). Oncology Letters, 32, 390. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15745
MLA
Tan, Q., Chen, B., Hu, H., Liu, H., Huang, W., Mu, W."Role of long non‑coding RNA HCG11 in human cancers: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications (Review)". Oncology Letters 32.3 (2026): 390.
Chicago
Tan, Q., Chen, B., Hu, H., Liu, H., Huang, W., Mu, W."Role of long non‑coding RNA HCG11 in human cancers: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications (Review)". Oncology Letters 32, no. 3 (2026): 390. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15745
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Tan Q, Chen B, Hu H, Liu H, Huang W and Mu W: Role of long non‑coding RNA HCG11 in human cancers: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications (Review). Oncol Lett 32: 390, 2026.
APA
Tan, Q., Chen, B., Hu, H., Liu, H., Huang, W., & Mu, W. (2026). Role of long non‑coding RNA HCG11 in human cancers: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications (Review). Oncology Letters, 32, 390. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15745
MLA
Tan, Q., Chen, B., Hu, H., Liu, H., Huang, W., Mu, W."Role of long non‑coding RNA HCG11 in human cancers: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications (Review)". Oncology Letters 32.3 (2026): 390.
Chicago
Tan, Q., Chen, B., Hu, H., Liu, H., Huang, W., Mu, W."Role of long non‑coding RNA HCG11 in human cancers: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications (Review)". Oncology Letters 32, no. 3 (2026): 390. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15745
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