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Review Open Access

Regulatory roles of N6‑methyladenosine methylation factors in melanoma invasion and metastasis (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Zhijie Xu
    • Wanqun Yu
    • Jie Liu
    • Xiyue Chang
    • Shiraz Manji Laeeqa
    • Zerong Xu
    • Qi Yang
    • Wanan Xiao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China, Operating Room, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China, Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 392
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    Published online on: July 3, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15747
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Abstract

Melanoma, a malignant skin tumor, has an increasing incidence rate annually and affects the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Despite advancements in early diagnosis and treatment improving survival rates, invasion and metastasis of melanoma remain major challenges. In‑depth research into the pathogenesis of melanoma and novel therapies is essential to enhance patient outcomes. N6‑methyladenosine (m6A) methylation, a key RNA modification, regulates gene expression and cellular functions, influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and signal transduction. It is implicated in various diseases, including tumors. In melanoma, m6A methylation regulates genes involved in tumor invasion and metastasis, impacting cell migration and drug resistance. Understanding the role of m6A methylation in melanoma can uncover disease mechanisms and inform therapeutic strategies.
View Figures

Figure 1

m6A methylation mechanism. m6A
methylation is catalyzed by a multi-component m6A methyltransferase
complex (‘m6A writers’), primarily composed of two main proteins,
namely METTL3 and METTL14, along with their regulatory cofactors,
such as WTAP. m6A methylation can be reversed by demethylases,
including FTO and ALKBH5 (‘m6A erasers’). m6A modifications can
affect RNA via recruiting m6A-binding proteins (‘m6A readers’),
such as YTHDCs and IGFBPs. m6A methylation is involved in several
processes associated with RNA metabolism, including RNA splicing,
localization, translation efficiency, stability and degradation.
m6A, N6-methyladenosine; METTL3, methyltransferase-like 3; WTAP,
Wilms' tumor 1-associating protein; FTO, fat mass and
obesity-associated protein; ALKBH5, AlkB homolog 5; YTHDCs, YTH
domain-containing proteins; IGF2BPs, insulin-like growth factor 2
mRNA-binding proteins.

Figure 2

Mechanisms underlying tumor cell
invasion and metastasis. Tumor proliferation includes the rapid
growth of tumor cells, eventually contributing to increased tumor
volume and local tissue invasion. EMT allows epithelial cells to
acquire enhanced migratory and invasive capacities, facilitating
detachment from the primary tumor and metastasis to distant
tissues. Immune evasion allows tumor cells to escape immune
surveillance, thus promoting their survival and metastatic spread.
The tumor microenvironment, composed of non-cancer cells and
signaling molecules, serves a key role in regulating tumor growth,
angiogenesis and metastasis, thereby driving tumor invasion and
dissemination. EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xu Z, Yu W, Liu J, Chang X, Laeeqa SM, Xu Z, Yang Q and Xiao W: Regulatory roles of N6‑methyladenosine methylation factors in melanoma invasion and metastasis (Review). Oncol Lett 32: 392, 2026.
APA
Xu, Z., Yu, W., Liu, J., Chang, X., Laeeqa, S.M., Xu, Z. ... Xiao, W. (2026). Regulatory roles of N6‑methyladenosine methylation factors in melanoma invasion and metastasis (Review). Oncology Letters, 32, 392. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15747
MLA
Xu, Z., Yu, W., Liu, J., Chang, X., Laeeqa, S. M., Xu, Z., Yang, Q., Xiao, W."Regulatory roles of N6‑methyladenosine methylation factors in melanoma invasion and metastasis (Review)". Oncology Letters 32.3 (2026): 392.
Chicago
Xu, Z., Yu, W., Liu, J., Chang, X., Laeeqa, S. M., Xu, Z., Yang, Q., Xiao, W."Regulatory roles of N6‑methyladenosine methylation factors in melanoma invasion and metastasis (Review)". Oncology Letters 32, no. 3 (2026): 392. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15747
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xu Z, Yu W, Liu J, Chang X, Laeeqa SM, Xu Z, Yang Q and Xiao W: Regulatory roles of N6‑methyladenosine methylation factors in melanoma invasion and metastasis (Review). Oncol Lett 32: 392, 2026.
APA
Xu, Z., Yu, W., Liu, J., Chang, X., Laeeqa, S.M., Xu, Z. ... Xiao, W. (2026). Regulatory roles of N6‑methyladenosine methylation factors in melanoma invasion and metastasis (Review). Oncology Letters, 32, 392. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15747
MLA
Xu, Z., Yu, W., Liu, J., Chang, X., Laeeqa, S. M., Xu, Z., Yang, Q., Xiao, W."Regulatory roles of N6‑methyladenosine methylation factors in melanoma invasion and metastasis (Review)". Oncology Letters 32.3 (2026): 392.
Chicago
Xu, Z., Yu, W., Liu, J., Chang, X., Laeeqa, S. M., Xu, Z., Yang, Q., Xiao, W."Regulatory roles of N6‑methyladenosine methylation factors in melanoma invasion and metastasis (Review)". Oncology Letters 32, no. 3 (2026): 392. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15747
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