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Clinical utility of circulating tumor‑derived endothelial cells in lung cancer detection and prognosis prediction

  • Authors:
    • Xiang Li
    • Jun Yang
    • Bin Chen
    • Ziyu Zhang
    • Jiangman Zhao
    • Mengxin Zhao
    • Zhimou Wang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Medical Oncology, 3201 Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, P.R. China, Department of Oncology and Hematology II, Qinhuangdao Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei Port Group Co., Ltd., Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066005, P.R. China, Oncology, Radiology, Interventional and Radiotherapy Department, Lai'an County People's Hospital, Chuzhou, Anhui 239200, P.R. China, Shanghai Biotecan Medical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai 201204, P.R. China, Department of Oncology and Hematology, People's Hospital of Xixiang County, Chengnan Sub‑district Office, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723508, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 485
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    Published online on: September 2, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15840
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Abstract

Circulating tumor‑derived endothelial cells (CTEC) have emerged as promising biomarkers reflecting tumor angiogenesis, disease progression and therapeutic response, although their clinical relevance in lung cancer remains underexplored. A total of 74 patients with lung cancer were enrolled in the present study, and both preoperative and postoperative peripheral blood samples were collected. A total of 20 healthy individuals were included as controls. CTEC (CD31+ aneuploid cells) and circulating tumor cells (CTC; CD31‑ aneuploid cells) were simultaneously detected using an improved subtraction enrichment and immunostaining‑fluorescence in situ hybridization technique. The overall positive detection rates of CTC and CTEC were 68.75 and 81.25%, respectively. CTEC accounted for a greater proportion of circulating rare cells in patients with lung cancer, and CTEC counts were significantly elevated in those with lymph node metastasis compared with CTC. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that CTEC [area under the curve (AUC), 0.855] performed better than CTC (AUC, 0.673) in distinguishing patients with lung cancer from healthy controls. Furthermore, a preoperative CTEC count ≥1 was identified as an independent risk factor for shorter progression‑free survival. These findings suggested that CTEC may serve as reliable supplementary biomarkers for lung cancer screening, disease monitoring and prognosis prediction.
View Figures

Figure 1

Flowchart. A total of 74 patients
with lung cancer were enrolled. CTC, circulating tumor cells.

Figure 2

Identification of CTEC, CTC and WBC
by subtraction enrichment and immunostaining-fluorescence in
situ hybridization (scale bar, 5 µm). CD45, red; CD31, green;
CEP8, orange; DAPI, blue. The CTEC image (middle panel) has been
replaced with a more representative cell exhibiting stronger CD31
(green) fluorescence. CTC, circulating tumor cells; CTEC,
circulating tumor-derived endothelial cells; WBC, white blood
cells; CEP8, centromere probe 8.

Figure 3

Proportions of patients with (A) CTC
and (B) CTEC (>0 and >1) before treatment, after surgery and
after chemotherapy. CTC, circulating tumor cells; CTEC, circulating
tumor-derived endothelial cells.

Figure 4

Dynamic changes in (A) CTC and (B)
CTEC detection rates during the treatment course. CTC, circulating
tumor cells; CTEC, circulating tumor-derived endothelial cells.

Figure 5

Stage-stratified distribution of CTC
and CTEC in 74 patients with lung cancer. (A) Cross-stage overview.
(B) Distribution of CTCs in Stage I patients (total n=11). (C)
Distribution of CTECs in Stage I patients (total n=11). (D)
Distribution of CTCs in Stage II patients (total n=8). (E)
Distribution of CTECs in Stage II patients (Total=8). (F)
Distribution of CTCs in Stage III patients (Total=10). (G)
Distribution of CTECs in Stage III patients (total n=10). (H)
Distribution of CTCs in Stage IV patients (total n=45) (I)
Distribution of CTECs in Stage IV patients (total n=45). Values: 1,
2, 3, 4, ≥5 cells/7.5 ml peripheral blood. CTC, circulating tumor
cells; CTEC, circulating tumor-derived endothelial cells.

Figure 6

Comparison of (A) CTC and (B) CTEC
abundance between controls and patients with lung cancer. (C) ROC
curves of CTC, CTEC and their sum (CTC+CTEC) for distinguishing
patients with lung cancer from healthy controls. The DeLong test
showed no significant difference between the AUC of CTEC alone and
the combination (CTC+CTEC) (P=0.724). ***P<0.0001. CTC,
circulating tumor cells; CTEC, circulating tumor-derived
endothelial cells; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; AUC,
area under the ROC curve.

Figure 7

Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis
of progression-free survival in patients with lung cancer according
to CTC and CTEC counts. (A) CTC=0 vs. CTC ≥1; (B) CTEC=0 vs. CTEC
≥1. CTC, circulating tumor cells; CTEC, circulating tumor-derived
endothelial cells; HR, hazard ratio.

Figure 8

Comparison of tumor marker levels
before and after therapy across subgroups stratified by CTC and
CTEC dynamics. (A) CEA levels in the CTC dynamic subgroups
(unchanged, increased, decreased). (B) CA19-9 levels in the CTC
dynamic subgroups. (C) NSE levels in the CTC dynamic subgroups. (D)
CEA levels in the CTEC dynamic subgroups. (E) CA19-9 levels in the
CTEC dynamic subgroups. (F) NSE levels in the CTEC dynamic
subgroups. Due to the limited sample sizes in the dynamic subgroups
(CTC-decreased: n=8; CTC-unchanged: n=5; CTC-increased: n=3;
CTEC-decreased: n=9; CTEC-unchanged: n=4; CTEC-increased: n=3),
formal statistical comparisons were not performed, and values are
presented as mean ± SD with one additional decimal place for
enhanced precision. CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9,
carbohydrate antigen 19-9; NSE, neuron-specific enolase; CTC,
circulating tumor cells; CTEC, circulating tumor-derived
endothelial cells.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li X, Yang J, Chen B, Zhang Z, Zhao J, Zhao M and Wang Z: Clinical utility of circulating tumor‑derived endothelial cells in lung cancer detection and prognosis prediction. Oncol Lett 32: 485, 2026.
APA
Li, X., Yang, J., Chen, B., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., Zhao, M., & Wang, Z. (2026). Clinical utility of circulating tumor‑derived endothelial cells in lung cancer detection and prognosis prediction. Oncology Letters, 32, 485. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15840
MLA
Li, X., Yang, J., Chen, B., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., Zhao, M., Wang, Z."Clinical utility of circulating tumor‑derived endothelial cells in lung cancer detection and prognosis prediction". Oncology Letters 32.4 (2026): 485.
Chicago
Li, X., Yang, J., Chen, B., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., Zhao, M., Wang, Z."Clinical utility of circulating tumor‑derived endothelial cells in lung cancer detection and prognosis prediction". Oncology Letters 32, no. 4 (2026): 485. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15840
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li X, Yang J, Chen B, Zhang Z, Zhao J, Zhao M and Wang Z: Clinical utility of circulating tumor‑derived endothelial cells in lung cancer detection and prognosis prediction. Oncol Lett 32: 485, 2026.
APA
Li, X., Yang, J., Chen, B., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., Zhao, M., & Wang, Z. (2026). Clinical utility of circulating tumor‑derived endothelial cells in lung cancer detection and prognosis prediction. Oncology Letters, 32, 485. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15840
MLA
Li, X., Yang, J., Chen, B., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., Zhao, M., Wang, Z."Clinical utility of circulating tumor‑derived endothelial cells in lung cancer detection and prognosis prediction". Oncology Letters 32.4 (2026): 485.
Chicago
Li, X., Yang, J., Chen, B., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., Zhao, M., Wang, Z."Clinical utility of circulating tumor‑derived endothelial cells in lung cancer detection and prognosis prediction". Oncology Letters 32, no. 4 (2026): 485. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15840
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