Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
May-June 2010 Volume 1 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-June 2010 Volume 1 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Arsenic trioxide enhances the cytotoxic effect of thalidomide in a KG-1a human acute myelogenous leukemia cell line

  • Authors:
    • Erian Girgis
    • John Mahoney
    • Selina Darling-Reed
    • Magdi Soliman
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: College of Pharmacy, Florida A and M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA. erian1.girgis@famu.edu
  • Pages: 473-479
    |
    Published online on: May 1, 2010
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol_00000083
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Studies have shown that thalidomide exerts modest activity as a single agent in the therapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The present investigation was conducted to test the hypothesis that the cytotoxic effect of thalidomide is enhanced when properly combined with other chemotherapeutic agents. The human AML cell line KG-1a was used in this study. Cells were cultured for 48 h in the presence or absence of thalidomide, arsenic trioxide and a combination of the two substances. Results obtained indicate that thalidomide at concentrations of 1, 2 and 5 mg/l produced a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect and at 5 mg/ml resulted in late apoptosis in 49.39% of the total cell population (as compared to 5.35% in the control cells). When the cells were incubated with arsenic trioxide alone (4 µM), late apoptosis was detected in 16.97% of the total cell population. However, when cells were incubated with a combination of thalidomide (5 mg/l) and arsenic trioxide (4 µM), late apoptosis was noted to be 80.6% in the total cell population. This percentage of late apoptosis was statistically significant from that observed when cells were incubated with thalidomide alone. These findings clearly indicate that arsenic trioxide enhances the cytotoxic effects of thalidomide.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Godwin JE and Smith SE: Acute myeloid leukemia in the older patient. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 48:S17–S26. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Harousseuau JL: Acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly. Blood Rev. 12:145–153. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Cortes JE and Kantarjian HM: Acute lymphocytic leukemia: A comprehensive review with emphasis on biology and therapy. Cancer. 76:2393–2417. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Estey EH, Kantarjian H and Keating MJ: Therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 2nd edition. Hoffman R, Benz E Jr, Shattil S, Cohen H and Silberstein L: Churchill Livingstone; New York: pp. 1014–1028. 1994

5 

Thomas DA, Kantarjian H and Smith TL: Primary refractory and relapsed adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: characteristics, treatment results, and prognosis with salvage therapy. Cancer. 86:1216–1230. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Beran M, Estey E and O’Brien S: Topotecan and cytarabine is an active combination regimen in myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 17:2819–2830. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Estey EH, Kantarjian HM and O’Brien S: High remission rate, short remission duration in patients with refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB) in transformation (RAEB-t) given acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)-type chemotherapy in combination with granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF). Cytokines Mol Ther. 1:21–28. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

8 

Thomas D: Pilot studies of thalidomide in acute myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myeloproliferative disorders. Semin Oncol. 37(Suppl 3): 26–34. 2000.

9 

Lu C and Hassan HT: Human stem cell factor-antibody (anti-SCF) enhances chemotherapy cytotoxicity in human CD34+ resistant myeloid leukemia cells. Leuk Res. 30:296–302. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

10 

Yang H, Hoshino K, Sanchez-Gonzalez B, Kantarjian H and Garcia-Manero G: Antileukemia activity of the combination of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine with valproic acid. Leuk Res. 29:739–748. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Koeffler HP, Billing R, Lusis AJ, Sparkes R and Golde DW: An undifferentiated variant derived from the human acute myelogenous leukemia cell line (KG-1). Blood. 56:265–273. 1980.PubMed/NCBI

12 

Grad JM, Bahlis NJ, Reis I, Oshiro MM, Dalton WS and Boise LH: Ascorbic acid enhances arsenic trioxide-induced cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma cells. Blood. 98:805–813. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Block G and Levine M: Vitamin C: a new look. Ann Intern Med. 114:909–910. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Sakagami H and Satoh K: Modulating factors of radical intensity and cytotoxic activity of ascorbate [review]. Anticancer Res. 17:3513–3520. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Dai J, Weinberg RS, Waxman S and Jing Y: Malignant cells can be sensitized to undergo growth inhibition and apoptosis by arsenic trioxide through modulation of the glutathione redox system. Blood. 93:268–277. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Kruse FF, Joussen AM, Rohrschneider K, Becker MD and Volcker HE: Thalidomide inhibits corneal angiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 236:461–466. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Corral LG, Haslett PAJ, Muller GW, et al: Differential cytokine modulation and T-cell activation by two distinct classes of thalidomide analogues that are potent inhibitors of TNF-alpha. J Immunol. 163:380–386. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Haslett PAJ, Corral LG, Albert M and Kaplan G: Thalidomide costimulates primary human T lymphocytes, preferentially inducing proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic responses in the CD8+ subset. J Exp Med. 187:1885–1892. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Geitz H, Handt S and Zwingenberger K: Thalidomide selectively modulates the density of cell surface molecules involved in the adhesion cascade. Immunopharmacology. 31:213–221. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Du GJ, Lin HH, Xu QT and Wang MW: Thalidomide inhibits growth of tumors through COX-2 degradation independent of antiangiogenesis. Vascul Pharmacol. 43:112–119. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Heslop HE, Rooney CM and Brenner MK: Gene-marking and hemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood Rev. 4:220–224. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Barret AJ: Mechanisms of the graft-versus-leukemia reactivity. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1:61–68. 1997.

23 

Ball ED, Mills LE, Cornwell GG Jr, Davis BH, Coughlin CT and Howell AL: Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia using monoclonal antibody-purged bone marrow. Blood. 75:1199–1206. 1990.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Sznol M and Parkinson DR: Interleukin-2 in therapy of hematologic malignancies. Blood. 83:2020–2222. 1994.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Uckun FM, Kersey JH, Vallera DA, Ledbetter JA, Weisdorf D and Myers DE: Autologous bone marrow transplantation in high risk remission T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia using immunotoxins plus 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide for marrow purging. Blood. 76:1723–1733. 1990.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Kalland T, Belfrage H, Bhiladvala P and Hedlund G: Analysis of the murine lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) phenomenon: dissection of effectors and progenitors into NK-and T-like cells. J Immunol. 38:3640–3645. 1987.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Ochoa AC, Gromo G, Alter BJ, Sondel PM and Bach FH: Long-term growth of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)-cells: role of anti CD-3, beta-IL 1, interferon-gamma and -beta. J Immunol. 138:2728–2733. 1987.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Peace DJ, Kern DE, Schultz KR, Greenberg PD and Cheever MA: IL-4-induced lymphokine-activated killer cells. Lytic activity is mediated by phenotypically distinct natural killer-like and T-cell-like large granular lymphocytes. J Immunol. 140:3679–3685. 1988.

29 

Naume B and Espevik T: Effects of IL-7 and IL-12 on highly enriched CD56+ natural killer cells: a comparative study. J Immunol. 147:2208–2214. 1991.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Stewart-Akers AM, Cairns JS, Tweardy DJ and McCarthy SA: Effect of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor on lymphokine-activated killer cell induction. Blood. 81:2672–2678. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Rojas R, Roman J, Herrera C, Alvarez MA, Ramirez R and Torres A: BALB/C mice injected with LSTRA leukemic cell line are cured by in vivo treatment with IL-2 + GM-CSF. Leuk Res. 27:351–357. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Herrera C, Garcia-Perez MJ, Ramirez R, Martin C, Alvarez MA and Martinez F: Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)-cell generation from peripheral blood stem cells by in vitro incubation with low dose interleukin-2 plus granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor. Bone Marrow Transplant. 19:545–551. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Evens AM, Tallman MS and Gartenhaus RB: The potential of arsenic trioxide in the treatment of malignant disease: past, present, and future. Leuk Res. 28:891–900. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Lanotte M, Martin-Thouvenin V, Najman S, Balerini P, Valensi F and Berger R: NB4, a maturation inducible cell line with t(15;17) marker isolated from a human acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3). Blood. 77:1080–1086. 1991.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Chen GQ, Shi XG, Tang W, et al: Use of arsenic trioxide in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): I. Arsenic trioxide exerts dose-dependent dual effects on APL cells. Blood. 89:3345–3353. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Park WH, Seol JG, Kim ES, Hyun JM, Jung CW and Lee CC: Arsenic trioxide-mediated growth inhibition in MC/CAR myeloma cells via cell cycle arrest in association with induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21, and apoptosis. Cancer Res. 60:3065–3071. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

37 

Perkins C, Kim CN, Fang G and Bhalla KN: Arsenic induces apoptosis of multidrug-resistant human myeloid leukemia cells that express Bcr-Abl or overexpress MDR, MRP, Bcl-2, or Bcl-x(L). Blood. 95:1014–1022. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Schor NF, Rudin CM, Hartman AR, Thompson CB, Tyurina YY and Kagan VE: Cell line dependence of Bcl-2-induced alteration of glutathione handling. Oncogene. 19:472–476. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Davison K, Mann KK, Waxman S and Miller WH: JNK activation is a mediator of arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Blood. 103:3496–3502. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Shao W, Fanelli M, Ferrara FF, Riccioni R, Rosenauer A and Davison K: Arsenic trioxide as an inducer of apoptosis and loss of PML/RAR alpha protein in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. J Natl Cancer Inst. 90:124–133. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Kinjo K, Kizaki M, Muto A, Fukuchi Y, Umezawa A and Yamato K: Arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis and differentiation in retinoic acid resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia model in hGM-CSF-producing transgenic SCID mice. Leukemia. 14:431–438. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Rousselot P, Labaume S, Marolleau JP, Larghero J, Noguera MH and Brouet JC: Arsenic trioxide and Melarsoprol induce apoptosis in plasma cell lines and in plasma cells from myeloma patients. Cancer Res. 59:1041–1048. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

43 

Liu Q, Hilsenbeck S and Gazitt Y: Arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in myeloma cells: p53-dependent G1 or G2/M cell cycle arrest, activation of caspase-8 or caspase-9, and synergy with APO2/TRAIL. Blood. 101:4078–4087. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Deaglio S, Canella D, Baj G, Arnulfo A, Waxman S and Malavasi F: Evidence of an immunologic mechanism behind the therapeutical effects of arsenic trioxide on myeloma cells. Leuk Res. 25:227–235. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Roboz GJ, Dias S, Lam G, Lane WJ, Soignet SL and Warrell RP Jr: Arsenic trioxide induces dose-and time-dependent apoptosis of endothelium and may exert an antileukemic effect via inhibition of angiogenesis. Blood. 96:1525–1530. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

46 

Gartenhaus RB, Prachand SN, Paniaqua M, Li Y and Gordon LI: Arsenic trioxide cytotoxicity in steroid and chemotherapy-resistant myeloma cell lines: enhancement of apoptosis by manipulation of cellular redox state. Clin Cancer Res. 8:666–672. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

47 

Kitamura K, Minami Y, Yamamoto K, et al: Involvement of CD95-independent caspase 8 activation in arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis. Leukemia. 14:1743–1750. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Gupta S, Yel L, Kim D, Kim C, Chiplunkar S and Gollapudi S: Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis in peripheral blood T lymphocytes subsets by inducing oxidative stress: a role of Bcl-2. Mol Cancer Ther. 2:711–719. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Girgis E, Mahoney J, Darling-Reed S and Soliman M: Arsenic trioxide enhances the cytotoxic effect of thalidomide in a KG-1a human acute myelogenous leukemia cell line. Oncol Lett 1: 473-479, 2010.
APA
Girgis, E., Mahoney, J., Darling-Reed, S., & Soliman, M. (2010). Arsenic trioxide enhances the cytotoxic effect of thalidomide in a KG-1a human acute myelogenous leukemia cell line. Oncology Letters, 1, 473-479. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol_00000083
MLA
Girgis, E., Mahoney, J., Darling-Reed, S., Soliman, M."Arsenic trioxide enhances the cytotoxic effect of thalidomide in a KG-1a human acute myelogenous leukemia cell line". Oncology Letters 1.3 (2010): 473-479.
Chicago
Girgis, E., Mahoney, J., Darling-Reed, S., Soliman, M."Arsenic trioxide enhances the cytotoxic effect of thalidomide in a KG-1a human acute myelogenous leukemia cell line". Oncology Letters 1, no. 3 (2010): 473-479. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol_00000083
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Girgis E, Mahoney J, Darling-Reed S and Soliman M: Arsenic trioxide enhances the cytotoxic effect of thalidomide in a KG-1a human acute myelogenous leukemia cell line. Oncol Lett 1: 473-479, 2010.
APA
Girgis, E., Mahoney, J., Darling-Reed, S., & Soliman, M. (2010). Arsenic trioxide enhances the cytotoxic effect of thalidomide in a KG-1a human acute myelogenous leukemia cell line. Oncology Letters, 1, 473-479. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol_00000083
MLA
Girgis, E., Mahoney, J., Darling-Reed, S., Soliman, M."Arsenic trioxide enhances the cytotoxic effect of thalidomide in a KG-1a human acute myelogenous leukemia cell line". Oncology Letters 1.3 (2010): 473-479.
Chicago
Girgis, E., Mahoney, J., Darling-Reed, S., Soliman, M."Arsenic trioxide enhances the cytotoxic effect of thalidomide in a KG-1a human acute myelogenous leukemia cell line". Oncology Letters 1, no. 3 (2010): 473-479. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol_00000083
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team