Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
December 2012 Volume 28 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December 2012 Volume 28 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Molecular and genomic approach for understanding the gene-environment interaction between Nrf2 deficiency and carcinogenic nickel-induced DNA damage

  • Authors:
    • Hye Lim Kim
    • Young Rok Seo
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
    Copyright: © Kim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 3.0].
  • Pages: 1959-1967
    |
    Published online on: September 26, 2012
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2012.2057
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Nickel (Ⅱ) is a toxic and carcinogenic metal which induces a redox imbalance following oxidative stress. Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a redox factor that regulates oxidation/reduction status and consequently mediates cytoprotective responses against exposure to environmental toxicants. In this study, we investigated the protective roles of the Nrf2 gene against oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by nickel at sub-lethal doses. Under nickel exposure conditions, we detected significantly increased intracellular ROS generation, in addition to higher amounts of DNA damage using comet assay and γ-H2AX immunofluorescence staining in Nrf2 lacking cells, as compared to Nrf2 wild-type cells. In addition, we attempted to identify potential nickel and Nrf2-responsive targets and the relevant pathway. The genomic expression data were analyzed using microarray for the selection of synergistic effect-related genes by Nrf2 knockdown under nickel treatment. In particular, altered expressions of 6 upregulated genes (CAV1, FOSL2, MICA, PIM2, RUNX1 and SLC7A6) and 4 downregulated genes (APLP1, CLSPN, PCAF and PRAME) were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Additionally, using bioinformatics tool, we found that these genes functioned principally in a variety of molecular processes, including oxidative stress response, necrosis, DNA repair and cell survival. Thus, we describe the potential biomarkers regarded as molecular candidates for Nrf2-related cellular protection against nickel exposure. In conclusion, these findings indicate that Nrf2 is an important factor with a protective role in the suppression of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity by environmental nickel exposure in terms of gene-environment interaction.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Kasprzak KS, Sunderman FW Jr and Salnikow K: Nickel carcinogenesis. Mutat Res. 533:67–97. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Kasprzak KS: Possible role of oxidative damage in metal-induced carcinogenesis. Cancer Invest. 13:411–430. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Lynn S, Yew FH, Chen KS and Jan KY: Reactive oxygen species are involved in nickel inhibition of DNA repair. Environ Mol Mutagen. 29:208–216. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Aust AE and Eveleigh JF: Mechanisms of DNA oxidation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 222:246–252. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Chakrabarti SK, Bai C and Subramanian KS: DNA-protein crosslinks induced by nickel compounds in isolated rat lymphocytes: role of reactive oxygen species and specific amino acids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 170:153–165. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Chen XL and Kunsch C: Induction of cytoprotective genes through Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway: a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Curr Pharm Des. 10:879–891. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Nguyen T, Nioi P and Pickett CB: The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stress. J Biol Chem. 284:13291–13295. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Park JY and Seo YR: Enhancement of mitomycin C-induced apoptosis in Nrf2-deficient human colon cancer cells. Mol Cell Toxicol. 6:51–56. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Giudice A and Montella M: Activation of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway: a promising strategy in cancer prevention. Bioessays. 28:169–181. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Ramos-Gomez M, Kwak MK, Dolan PM, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Talalay P and Kensler TW: Sensitivity to carcinogenesis is increased and chemoprotective efficacy of enzyme inducers is lost in nrf2 transcription factor-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:3410–3415. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Osburn WO and Kensler TW: Nrf2 signaling: an adaptive response pathway for protection against environmental toxic insults. Mutat Res. 659:31–39. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Park JY and Seo YR: The protective role of Nrf2 in cadmium-induced DNA damage. Mol Cell Toxicol. 7:61–66. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

d’Errico A, Malats N, Vineis P and Boffetta P: Review of studies of selected metabolic polymorphisms and cancer. IARC Sci Publ. 148:323–393. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

14 

Masuko H, Sakamoto T, Kaneko Y, et al: An interaction between Nrf2 polymorphisms and smoking status affects annual decline in FEV1: a longitudinal retrospective cohort study. BMC Med Genet. 20:12–97. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Koizumi S and Yamada H: DNA microarray analysis of altered gene expression in cadmium-exposed human cells. J Occup Health. 45:331–334. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Carinci F, Pezzetti F, Volinia S, Francioso F, Arcelli D, Farina E and Piattelli A: Zirconium oxide: analysis of MG63 osteoblast-like cell response by means of a microarray technology. Biomaterials. 25:215–228. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Boverhof DR and Zacharewski TR: Toxicogenomics in risk assessment: applications and needs. Toxicol Sci. 89:352–360. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Werner T: Bioinformatics applications for pathway analysis of microarray data. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 19:50–54. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Snow ET: Metal carcinogenesis: mechanistic implications. Pharmacol Ther. 53:31–65. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Ercal N, Gurer-Orhan H and Aykin-Burns N: Toxic metals and oxidative stress part I: mechanisms involved in metal-induced oxidative damage. Curr Top Med Chem. 1:529–539. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Singh NP, McCoy MT, Tice RR and Schneider EL: A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp Cell Res. 175:184–191. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Peng X, Wood CL, Blalock EM, Chen KC, Landfield PW and Stromberg AJ: Statistical implications of pooling RNA samples for microarray experiments. BMC Bioinformatics. 4:1–9. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Nikitin A, Egorov S, Daraselia N and Mazo I: Pathway studio - the analysis and navigation of molecular networks. Bioinformatics. 19:2155–2157. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Sunderman FW Jr, Dingle B, Hopfer SM and Swift T: Acute nickel toxicity in electroplating workers who accidently ingested a solution of nickel sulfate and nickel chloride. Am J Ind Med. 14:257–266. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Chen CY, Su YJ, Wu PF and Shyu MM: Nickel-induced plasma lipid peroxidation and effect of antioxidants in human blood: involvement hydroxyl radical formation and depletion of alpha-tocopherol. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 65:843–852. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Gong P and Cederbaum AI: Nrf2 is increased by CYP2E1 in rodent liver and HepG2 cells and protects against oxidative stress caused by CYP2E1. Hepatology. 43:144–153. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Aoki Y, Sato H, Nishimura N, Takahashi S, Itoh K and Yamamoto M: Accelerated DNA adduct formation in the lung of the Nrf2 knockout mouse exposed to diesel exhaust. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 173:154–160. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Shatz M and Liscovitch M: Caveolin-1: a tumor-promoting role in human cancer. Int J Radiat Biol. 84:177–189. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Milde-Langosch K: The Fos family of transcription factors and their role in tumourigenesis. Eur J Cancer. 41:2449–2461. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Milde-Langosch K, Janke S, Wagner I, et al: Role of Fra-2 in breast cancer: influence on tumor cell invasion and motility. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 107:337–347. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Syeed N, Husain SA, Abdullah S, Sameer AS, Chowdri NA, Nanda MS and Siddiqi MA: Caveolin-1 promotes mammary tumorigenesis: mutational profile of the Kashmiri population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 11:689–696. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Gasser S, Orsulic S, Brown EJ and Raulet DH: The DNA damage pathway regulates innate immune system ligands of the NKG2D receptor. Nature. 436:1186–1190. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Del Toro-Arreola S, Arreygue-Garcia N, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, et al: MHC class I-related chain A and B ligands are differentially expressed in human cervical cancer cell lines. Cancer Cell Int. 11:152011.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Fox CJ, Hammerman PS, Cinalli RM, Master SR, Chodosh LA and Thompson CB: The serine/threonine kinase Pim-2 is a transcriptionally regulated apoptotic inhibitor. Genes Dev. 17:1841–1854. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Chen WW, Chan DC, Donald C, Lilly MB and Kraft AS: Pim family kinases enhance tumor growth of prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res. 3:443–451. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Pratap J, Lian JB, Javed A, Barnes GL, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL and Stein GS: Regulatory roles of Runx2 in metastatic tumor and cancer cell interactions with bone. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 25:589–600. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Yanagida O, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, et al: Human L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1): characterization of function and expression in tumor cell lines. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1514:291–302. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Nakanishi K, Matsuo H, Kanai Y, et al: LAT1 expression in normal lung and in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Virchows Arch. 448:142–150. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

White AR, Multhaup G, Galatis D, et al: Contrasting, species-dependent modulation of copper-mediated neurotoxicity by the Alzheimer’s disease amyloid precursor protein. J Neurosci. 22:365–376. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

40 

Tang X, Milyavsky M, Goldfinger N and Rotter V: Amyloid-beta precursor-like protein APLP1 is a novel p53 transcriptional target gene that augments neuroblastoma cell death upon genotoxic stress. Oncogene. 26:7302–7312. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Liu L, Scolnick DM, Trievel RC, Zhang HB, Marmorstein R, Halazonetis TD and Berger SL: p53 sites acetylated in vitro by PCAF and p300 are acetylated in vivo in response to DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol. 19:1202–1209. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Lindsey-Boltz LA, Serçin O, Choi JH and Sancar A: Reconstitution of human claspin-mediated phosphorylation of Chk1 by the ATR (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and rad3-related) checkpoint kinase. J Biol Chem. 284:33107–33114. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Praetorius-Ibba M, Wang QE, Wani G, El-Mahdy MA, Zhu Q, Qin S and Wani AA: Role of Claspin in regulation of nucleotide excision repair factor DDB2. DNA Repair. 6:578–587. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Chini CC and Chen J: Claspin, a regulator of Chk1 in DNA replication stress pathway. DNA Repair. 3:1033–1037. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Tajeddine N, Gala JL, Louis M, Van Schoor M, Tombal B and Gailly P: Tumor-associated antigen preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) induces caspase-independent cell death in vitro and reduces tumorigenicity in vivo. Cancer Res. 65:7348–7355. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Kim HL and Seo YR: Molecular and genomic approach for understanding the gene-environment interaction between Nrf2 deficiency and carcinogenic nickel-induced DNA damage. Oncol Rep 28: 1959-1967, 2012.
APA
Kim, H.L., & Seo, Y.R. (2012). Molecular and genomic approach for understanding the gene-environment interaction between Nrf2 deficiency and carcinogenic nickel-induced DNA damage. Oncology Reports, 28, 1959-1967. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2012.2057
MLA
Kim, H. L., Seo, Y. R."Molecular and genomic approach for understanding the gene-environment interaction between Nrf2 deficiency and carcinogenic nickel-induced DNA damage". Oncology Reports 28.6 (2012): 1959-1967.
Chicago
Kim, H. L., Seo, Y. R."Molecular and genomic approach for understanding the gene-environment interaction between Nrf2 deficiency and carcinogenic nickel-induced DNA damage". Oncology Reports 28, no. 6 (2012): 1959-1967. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2012.2057
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Kim HL and Seo YR: Molecular and genomic approach for understanding the gene-environment interaction between Nrf2 deficiency and carcinogenic nickel-induced DNA damage. Oncol Rep 28: 1959-1967, 2012.
APA
Kim, H.L., & Seo, Y.R. (2012). Molecular and genomic approach for understanding the gene-environment interaction between Nrf2 deficiency and carcinogenic nickel-induced DNA damage. Oncology Reports, 28, 1959-1967. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2012.2057
MLA
Kim, H. L., Seo, Y. R."Molecular and genomic approach for understanding the gene-environment interaction between Nrf2 deficiency and carcinogenic nickel-induced DNA damage". Oncology Reports 28.6 (2012): 1959-1967.
Chicago
Kim, H. L., Seo, Y. R."Molecular and genomic approach for understanding the gene-environment interaction between Nrf2 deficiency and carcinogenic nickel-induced DNA damage". Oncology Reports 28, no. 6 (2012): 1959-1967. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2012.2057
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team