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Vanillin downregulates NNMT and attenuates NNMT‑related resistance to 5‑fluorouracil via ROS‑induced cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells

  • Authors:
    • Guoli Li
    • Beibei Kong
    • Qingchao Tong
    • Yejia Li
    • Lifen Chen
    • Jin Zeng
    • Haitao Yu
    • Xinyou Xie
    • Jun Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 110
    |
    Published online on: April 20, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8061
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Abstract

Chemoresistance is the main cause of poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Nicotinamide N‑methyltransferase (NNMT) is a metabolic enzyme that is upregulated in various tumor types. It has been reported that NNMT inhibits apoptosis and enhances resistance to 5‑fluorouracil (5‑Fu) via inhibition of the apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)‑p38 MAPK pathway in CRC cells. A natural product library was screened, and it was found that vanillin, also known as 4‑hydroxy‑3‑methoxybenzaldehyde, a plant secondary metabolite found in several essential plant oils, mainly Vanilla planifolia, Vanilla tahitensis, and Vanilla pompon, may be a promising anticancer compound targeted to NNMT. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of vanillin on promoting apoptosis and attenuating NNMT‑induced resistance to 5‑Fu in CRC. Lentiviral vectors of short hairpin RNA and small interfering RNA were transfected into HT‑29 cells to construct NNMT‑knockdown HT‑29 cell lines. Vectors containing an open reading frame of NNMT were stably transfected into SW480 cells to induce NNMT overexpression in SW480 cell lines. Vanillin was found to inhibit the mRNA and protein expression levels of NNMT following the inhibition of NNMT activity in HT‑29 cell lines. Vanillin was able to reverse NNMT‑induced increased cell proliferation, decreased cell apoptosis and resistance to 5‑Fu by inhibiting NNMT expression. Furthermore, it increased cell apoptosis by activating the ASK1‑p38 MAPK pathway, which could be inhibited by NNMT. In addition, vanillin increased cell apoptosis by promoting mitochondrial damage and reactive oxygen species. In vivo, the combination of vanillin with 5‑Fu yielded a notable synergy in inhibiting tumor growth and inducing apoptosis. Considering that vanillin is an important flavor and aromatic component used in foods worldwide, vanillin is deemed to be a promising anticancer candidate by inhibiting NNMT and may attenuate NNMT‑induced resistance to 5‑Fu in human CRC therapy with few side effects.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li G, Kong B, Tong Q, Li Y, Chen L, Zeng J, Yu H, Xie X and Zhang J: Vanillin downregulates NNMT and attenuates NNMT‑related resistance to 5‑fluorouracil via ROS‑induced cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Rep 45: 110, 2021.
APA
Li, G., Kong, B., Tong, Q., Li, Y., Chen, L., Zeng, J. ... Zhang, J. (2021). Vanillin downregulates NNMT and attenuates NNMT‑related resistance to 5‑fluorouracil via ROS‑induced cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Oncology Reports, 45, 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8061
MLA
Li, G., Kong, B., Tong, Q., Li, Y., Chen, L., Zeng, J., Yu, H., Xie, X., Zhang, J."Vanillin downregulates NNMT and attenuates NNMT‑related resistance to 5‑fluorouracil via ROS‑induced cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells". Oncology Reports 45.6 (2021): 110.
Chicago
Li, G., Kong, B., Tong, Q., Li, Y., Chen, L., Zeng, J., Yu, H., Xie, X., Zhang, J."Vanillin downregulates NNMT and attenuates NNMT‑related resistance to 5‑fluorouracil via ROS‑induced cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells". Oncology Reports 45, no. 6 (2021): 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8061
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li G, Kong B, Tong Q, Li Y, Chen L, Zeng J, Yu H, Xie X and Zhang J: Vanillin downregulates NNMT and attenuates NNMT‑related resistance to 5‑fluorouracil via ROS‑induced cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Rep 45: 110, 2021.
APA
Li, G., Kong, B., Tong, Q., Li, Y., Chen, L., Zeng, J. ... Zhang, J. (2021). Vanillin downregulates NNMT and attenuates NNMT‑related resistance to 5‑fluorouracil via ROS‑induced cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Oncology Reports, 45, 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8061
MLA
Li, G., Kong, B., Tong, Q., Li, Y., Chen, L., Zeng, J., Yu, H., Xie, X., Zhang, J."Vanillin downregulates NNMT and attenuates NNMT‑related resistance to 5‑fluorouracil via ROS‑induced cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells". Oncology Reports 45.6 (2021): 110.
Chicago
Li, G., Kong, B., Tong, Q., Li, Y., Chen, L., Zeng, J., Yu, H., Xie, X., Zhang, J."Vanillin downregulates NNMT and attenuates NNMT‑related resistance to 5‑fluorouracil via ROS‑induced cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells". Oncology Reports 45, no. 6 (2021): 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8061
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