Long non‑coding RNA PCED1B‑AS1 promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression by regulating the miR‑411‑3p/HIF‑1α axis
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- Published online on: May 20, 2021 https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8085
- Article Number: 134
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Copyright : © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
Abstract
Introduction
Pancreatic cancer has a 5-year survival rate less than 8% and is one of the deadliest types of cancer worldwide. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common pathological type of pancreatic cancer (1–4). For patients with advanced stage PDAC, therapeutic options are limited, and their prognosis is extremely poor (1–4). Thus, there is an urgent need to improve the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying progression of PDAC to identify novel therapeutic targets.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a type of RNA molecule of >200 nucleotides in length, which have limited or no protein-coding capabilities (5). Previously, it was hypothesized that lncRNAs were transcriptional noise, and that they did not possess any biological function (5). However, in the last decade, a growing number of studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs participate in a range of cellular biological processes, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis (6–8). lncRNAs also exhibit crucial roles in the development and/or progression of cancers. For example, knockdown of lncRNA actin filament associated protein 1-antisense RNA 1 was found to impede the proliferation and cell cycle progression of colon cancer cells (9). It has been reported that lncRNA TMPO antisense RNA 1 (TMPO-AS1) expression is upregulated in bladder cancer tissues and cells, where it promotes cell growth, migration and invasion (10). In non-small lung cancer, knockdown of lncRNA colon cancer associated transcript 1 suppressed cancer cell proliferation and sensitized cancer cells to gefitinib (11). lncRNA PC-esterase domain containing 1B antisense RNA 1 (PCED1B-AS1) was found to be involved in the regulation of macrophage apoptosis and autophagy in active tuberculosis (12,13); additionally, it has been demonstrated that PCED1B-AS1 is abnormally expressed in gliomas and breast cancer tissues, where it functions as an oncogenic lncRNA (14,15). However, its biological function, mechanistic partners and clinical value in PDAC have not been assessed.
lncRNAs can function as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), competitively interacting with microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) and indirectly regulating the expression of target genes (16,17). For example, lncRNA Pvt1 oncogene acts as a molecular sponge, absorbing miR-448 and upregulating SERPINE1 mRNA binding protein 1, thus promoting pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and migration (18). It has also been reported that lncRNA X inactive specific transcript can facilitate the migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of pancreatic cancer cells by repressing miR-429, indirectly resulting in upregulation of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 expression (19). Moreover, highly upregulated in liver cancer (HULC) was found to promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells by downregulating miR-15a and activating the PI3K/AKT pathway (20). These studies suggest that lncRNAs act as ceRNAs and participate in the progression of PDAC.
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a dominant regulator of a tumor cell's response to hypoxia (21), is closely associated with the progression and metastasis of several types of cancer, including PDAC (22–24). In the present study, it was shown that PCED1B-AS1 expression was significantly upregulated in PDAC tissues and cell lines. PCED1B-AS1 overexpression facilitated the malignant biological behaviors of cancer cells. Mechanistically, it acted as a ceRNA of miR-411-3p, resulting in upregulation of HIF-1α. The results of the present study clarify the mechanism by which HIF-1α expression is dysregulated in PDAC, and identified PCED1B-AS1 as a novel oncogenic lncRNA in PDAC.
Materials and methods
Tissue sample collection
A total of 47 pairs of PDAC tissue samples and the corresponding adjacent normal tissues were surgically removed from patients between January 2017 and January 2019 from The People's Hospital of Three Gorges University and collected. The patients had a mean age of 45 years (range, 28–77 years; 22 male and 25 female) and did not receive any radiotherapy or chemotherapy prior to surgery. Written informed consent was provided by each patient and the collection of human samples was approved by the Ethics Committee of the People's Hospital of Three Gorges University. All tissues were stored in liquid nitrogen (−196°C).
Cell culture and transfection
Five PDAC cell lines (AsPC-1, PANC-1, CFPAC-1, SW1990 and BxPC-3), normal human pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line HPDE6-C7, and human embryonic kidney cell line, 293T, were all purchased from The Cell Bank Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Cells were cultured in DMEM (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% FBS (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) in a humidified incubator at 37°C with 5% CO2.
Small interfering (si)RNAs targeting PCED1B-AS1 (si-PCED1B-AS1), negative control siRNAs (si-NC), miR-411-3p mimic, mimic negative control (mimic NC), miR-411-3p inhibitor, inhibitor negative control (NC), HIF-1α overexpression plasmid, and the negative control plasmid were purchased from Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd.. According to the manufacturer's protocols, PDAC cells were transfected using Lipofectamine® 2000 transfection reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Cells were collected for subsequent analysis 48 h after the transfection.
Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR
TRIzol® (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to obtain total RNA from PDAC tissues and cells. Total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using a PrimeScript RT kit (Takara Bio, Inc.). qPCR was performed using a SYBR-Green PCR MasterMix kit (Takara Bio, Inc.) on an ABI 7500 real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Expression of PCED1B-AS1 and HIF-1α was normalized to GAPDH. Expression of miR-411-3p was normalized to U6. The relative expression level of each gene was quantified using the 2−ΔΔCq method (25). The sequences of the primers are listed in Table I.
Dual luciferase reporter assay
A dual luciferase reporter assay was performed using the 293T cell line. First, the target sites of miR-411-3p on PCED1B-AS1 or HIF-1α 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) were predicted using bioinformatics analysis. The wild-type (WT) and mutant (MUT) PCED1B-AS1 and HIF-1α 3′UTR regions were amplified and inserted into a pmir-GLO luciferase reporter vector (Promega Corp.). The recombinant plasmids PCED1B-AS1-WT, PCED1B-AS1-MUT, HIF-1α-WT and HIF-1α-MUT were subsequently co-transfected into 293T cells with the miR-411-3p mimic or NC mimic, respectively. After 48 h, the luciferase activities were measured using a Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay system (Promega Corp.) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay
PDAC cells transfected with miR-411-3p mimics or NC mimics were collected, and according to the manufacturer's protocols, RIP was performed using an anti-Ago2 antibody (EMD Millipore) and an RIP assay kit (EMD Millipore). Mouse anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody was used as the control. Subsequently, RNA was extracted using TRIzol, and the expression of PCED1B-AS1 was assessed using RT-qPCR.
Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay
The viability of PDAC cells was detected using a CCK-8 assay (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). CFPAC-1 and SW1990 cells were plated into a 96-well plate. After 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, 10 µl of CCK-8 solution was added to each well, and the cells were further incubated at 37°C for 2 h. Subsequently, the absorbance of each well was assessed at an optical density of 450 nm using a microplate reader. A proliferation curve was plotted with time as the abscissa and the value of absorbance as the ordinate.
EdU staining assay
Cell proliferation was also evaluated using an EdU assay. Transfected cells were plated in a 96-well plate (5×103 cells/well) and cultured for 24 h. Then, 100 µl of EdU solution (50 µM; Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.) was added to each well, and the cells were subsequently incubated at 37°C for 2 h. Cells were washed 3 times with PBS and then fixed using paraformaldehyde/glycine for 30 min. Cells were permeabilized using 0.5% Triton X-100, then stained with Apollo fluorescent staining reaction solution for 30 min in the dark and washed twice with methanol and PBS. Cells were subsequently counterstained with DAPI staining solution for 30 min, and washed with PBS 3 times. Fluorescence was observed using a fluorescence microscope, and the percentage of EdU-positive cells was counted and calculated. Cell proliferation rate=number of EdU-positive cells/number of DAPI-positive cells ×100%.
Transwell assay
Transwell chambers (8-µm pore size; BD Biosciences) were used to assess the invasive ability of PDAC cells. CFPAC-1 and SW1990 cells were suspended in serum-free DMEM and added to the upper chamber, which had been pre-coated with Matrigel. The lower chamber was filled with 600 µl of medium supplemented with 10% FBS. A total of 24 h after incubation at 37°C, the chambers were removed, and the residual cells remaining on the upper surface of the membrane were wiped off using a cotton swab. The cells which had invaded to the lower surface of the membrane were fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde, and stained using 0.1% crystal violet for 10 min. Membranes were washed using tap water and dried, and the cells were observed using an inverted microscope and counted. The number of cells from five fields in each well were counted, and the experiments were performed in triplicate.
Western blotting
PDAC cells were lysed using RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). An equivalent amount of protein was loaded per lane on SDS-gel (stacking gel 4%, separation gel 10%), resolved using SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membranes (EMD Millipore) and blocked using 5% skimmed milk. Subsequently, the membranes were incubated with the primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. The primary antibodies used were: Anti-HIF-1α antibody (cat. no. ab51608; 1:1,000; Abcam), anti-N-cadherin antibody (cat. no. ab202030; 1:1,000; Abcam), anti-E-cadherin antibody (cat. no. ab40772; 1:1,000; Abcam), anti-Vimentin antibody (cat. no. ab92547; 1:1,000; Abcam), anti-Snail antibody (cat. no. ab53519; 1:1,000; Abcam) or anti-β-actin antibody (cat. no. ab179467; 1:2,000; Abcam). Subsequently, the membranes were incubated with an HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (cat. no. ab205718; 1:2,000; Abcam) at room temperature for 1 h. Signals were visualized using an ECL kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Densitometry analysis was performed using ImageJ_v1.8.0 (National Institutes of Health).
Bioinformatics analysis
The expression pattern of PCED1B-AS1 in PAAD and normal tissues was predicted using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database (http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/) (26). The potential target miRNAs of PCED1B-AS1 was predicted using the LncBase Predicted version 2 database (http://carolina.imis.athena-innovation.gr/diana_tools/web/index.php?r=lncbasev2%2Findex) (27). The interaction between HIF-1α and miR-411-3p was predicted using the TargetScan database (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_72/) (28).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp.). Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of at least three independent experiments. Distribution of the data was examined using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. A two-tailed student's t-test was used to determine the differences between two groups. A one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test was used to determine the differences among ≥3 groups. For data that were not normally distributed, comparison of expression in PDAC tissue samples and the corresponding adjacent normal tissues was performed using a paired sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A χ2 test was used to analyze the association between the expression of PCED1B-AS1 and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with PDAC. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis was utilized to determine the correlation between PCED1B-AS1 expression and miR-411-3p expression or HIF-1α expression.
Results
PCED1B-AS1 expression is upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues and cells
Using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database, 171 cases of normal tissues and 179 cases of cancerous tissues were compared. PCED1B-AS1 expression was significantly higher in the 179 PDAC tissues (Fig. 1A). To confirm the upregulation of PCED1B-AS1 in PDAC tissues, the expression of PCED1B-AS1 in PDAC tissues and corresponding non-tumor tissues was further examined using RT-qPCR. Compared with the corresponding non-tumor tissues, the expression of PCED1B-AS1 was upregulated in PDAC tissues (Fig. 1B). To assess the association between the expression of PCED1B-AS1 and the clinicopathological characteristics of 47 patients with PDAC, patients were divided into a high expression group (n=25) and low expression group (n=22), based on the median expression level of PCED1B-AS1. The results demonstrated that increased expression of PCED1B-AS1 was positively correlated with advanced TNM stage (stage III–IV) and lymph node metastasis (Table II). Additionally, the expression levels of PCED1B-AS1 in PDAC cell lines (AsPC-1, PANC-1, CFPAC-1, SW1990 and BxPC-3) was significantly higher compared with the normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line HPDE6-C7 (Fig. 1C). Among the five PDAC cell lines, PCED1B-AS1 expression was highest in CFPAC-1 and SW1990 cells, thus these two cell lines were used for subsequent experiments.
 | Table II.Correlation between PCED1B-AS1 expression levels and the clinicopathologic characteristics of the 47 patients with PDAC. |
PCED1B-AS1 knockdown reduces proliferation, invasion and EMT of pancreatic cancer cells
To further study the biological function of PCED1B-AS1 on the progression of PDAC, si-PCED1B-AS1 was transfected into CFPAC-1 and SW1990 cells to knockdown its expression. Compared with the si-NC group, transfection of si-PCED1B-AS1 significantly reduced the expression of PCED1B-AS1 in CFPAC-1 and SW1990 cells, suggesting that PCED1B-AS1 was successfully knocked down in CFPAC-1 and SW1990 cells (Fig. 2A). The results of the CCK-8 and EdU assay revealed that the PCED1B-AS1 knockdown significantly reduced PDAC cell proliferation (Fig. 2B and C). Transwell invasion assays and western blotting were used to determine the effect of PCED1B-AS1 knockdown on cell invasion and EMT. Compared with cells transfected with si-NC, CFPAC-1 and SW1990 cells transfected with si-PCED1B-AS1 exhibited significantly reduced invasion (Fig. 2D). Furthermore, knockdown of PCED1B-AS1 significantly increased the expression of E-cadherin, and significantly reduced the expression of N-cadherin, Vimentin and Snail in both PDAC cell lines (Fig. 2E).
PCED1B-AS1 negatively regulates miR-411-3p expression
To elucidate whether PCED1B-AS1 acts as a ceRNA in the progression of PDAC, the online bioinformatics tool LncBase Predicted version 2 was used to predict the potential target miRNAs of PCED1B-AS1 (Table SI). The results indicated that miR-411-3p was a potential target of PCED1B-AS1 (Fig. 3A). The subcellular localization of PCED1B-AS1 in CFPAC-1 and SW1990 cells was then determined. RT-qPCR results showed that PCED1B-AS1 was primarily expressed in the cytoplasm of CFPAC-1 and SW1990 cells (Fig. 3B). Subsequently, dual luciferase reporter assays and RIP experiments were used to confirm the targeted binding. The results showed that miR-411-3p mimics could reduce the luciferase activity of cells in the PCED1B-AS1-WT group, but had no significant effect on the PCED1B-AS1-MUT group (Fig. 3C). RIP analysis further confirmed increased enrichment of miR-411-3p and PCED1B-AS1 in the Ago2-immunoprecipitation complex (Figs. 3D and S1). Additionally, compared with the non-tumor tissues, miR-411-3p was significantly downregulated in PDAC tissues (Fig. 3E). The expression levels of PCED1B-AS1 in PDAC tissues was negatively correlated with the expression levels of miR-411-3p (Fig. 3F). Compared with the si-NC transfected control group, PCED1B-AS1 knockdown significantly increased the expression of miR-411-3p in PDAC cell lines (Fig. 3G). These results suggest that PCED1B-AS1 can effectively reduce the expression of miR-411-3p.
HIF-1α is a target gene of miR-411-3p
HIF-1α was predicted as a potential target for miR-411-3p using the TargetScan database (Fig. 4A). Dual-luciferase reporter assays were then performed to confirm this prediction. It was demonstrated that following co-transfection with the miR-411-3p mimics, the luciferase activity of HIF-1α-WT reporter was significantly reduced, whereas the luciferase activity of HIF-1α-MUT reporter was not altered (Fig. 4B). Analysis of data obtained from the GEPIA database showed that HIF-1α expression was upregulated in PDAC tissues (Fig. 4C). The expression of HIF-1α mRNA in the clinical PDAC tissues was then determined using RT-qPCR. Its expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues of patients with PDAC and was positively correlated with the expression of PCED1B-AS1 (Fig. 4D and E). These results suggest that miR-411-3p can target HIF-1α expression, and PCED1B-AS1 may exert its biological functions via a miR-411-3p/HIF-1α axis.
PCED1B-AS1 regulates the miR-411-3p/HIF-1α axis to reduce PDAC cell proliferation, invasion and EMT
To further investigate the effect of PCED1B-AS1 and miR-411-3p on the biological behaviors of PDAC cells, si-PCED1B-AS1, miR-411-3p inhibitor or HIF-1α overexpression plasmids were co-transfected into CFPAC-1 and SW1990 cells (Figs. S2 and S3). Western blotting was used to investigate the expression of HIF-1α; PCED1B-AS1 knockdown significantly reduced the expression of HIF-1α in CFPAC-1 and SW1990 cells, whereas the transfection of miR-411-3p inhibitor and HIF-1α overexpression plasmid restored the expression of HIF-1α (Fig. 5A). Cell proliferation, invasion and EMT in each group were then evaluated. CCK-8 and EdU staining assays demonstrated that compared with the control group, the proliferation of CFPAC-1 and SW1990 cells in the si-PCED1B-AS1 group was reduced; however, this reduction was reversed by the transfection of miR-411-3p inhibitor or HIF-1α overexpression plasmid (Fig. 5B and C). Transwell assays and western blotting were used to assess invasion and EMT. In the si-PCED1B-AS1 transfected cells, invasion and EMT were reduced, and co-transfection with the miR-411-3p inhibitor or HIF-1α attenuated this inhibitory effect (Fig. 5D and E). These results show that PCED1B-AS1 modulates PDAC cell proliferation, invasion and EMT via regulation of a miR-411-3p/HIF-1α axis.
Discussion
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive and fatal types of cancer (1–4). An increasing number of studies have shown that non-coding RNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), serve prominent roles in regulating the occurrence and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The present study showed that lncRNA PC-esterase domain containing 1B-antisense RNA 1 (PCED1B-AS1) expression is upregulated in PDAC tissues and cell lines, and it is closely associated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of the patients. Additionally, PCED1B-AS1 knockdown impaired proliferation, invasion and EMT of PDAC cells. These results show that PCED1B-AS1 functions as an oncogenic lncRNA in PDAC.
lncRNAs can function as competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNAs), regulating the expression and function of miRNAs (29). For example, as a ceRNA for miR-520a-3p, lncRNA non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage (NORAD) was found to modulate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to promote the occurrence and progression of non-small cell lung cancer (30). It has been reported that lncRNA ADPGK-AS1 upregulates orthodenticle homeobox 1 expression, promotes breast cancer cell proliferation and migration, induces EMT, and impedes apoptosis by sponging miR-3196 (31). PCED1B-AS1 is upregulated in several types of cancer (14,15). In gliomas, PCED1B-AS1 promotes cancer cell proliferation and reduces apoptosis by modulating a miR-194-5p/PCED1B axis (14). In the present study, bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter gene experiments and RIP experiments confirmed that PCED1B-AS1 directly interacted with miR-411-3p in PDAC. Furthermore, PCED1B-AS1 knockdown reduced PDAC cell proliferation, invasion and EMT; conversely, co-transfection with miR-411-3p inhibitors reversed these effects. These data suggest that PCED1B-AS1 regulates PDAC proliferation, invasion and EMT by sponging miR-411-3p.
MiR-411-3p is a tumor-suppressive miRNA. Low expression of miR-411-3p is significantly correlated with reduced overall survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (32). It has also been reported that CDKN2B-AS1 interacts with miR-411-3p and regulates ovarian cancer progression via a HIF-1α/VEGF/p38 pathway (33). In the present study, it was confirmed through bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter gene assays that HIF-1α was a direct target of miR-411-3p in PDAC, and that hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was positively regulated by PCED1B-AS1. Previous studies report that HIF-1α is involved in regulating the malignant biological behaviors of cancer cells, such as cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis, in several types of cancer (34–38). For example, HIF-1α is upregulated in colorectal cancer cell lines and contributes to angiogenesis by modulating the expression of EMT-related molecules claudin-4, E-cadherin and Vimentin (38). In pancreatic cancer, HIF-1α expression has been reported to be upregulated, and it is involved in the regulation of the Warburg effect, cancer metastasis and chemoresistance; upregulated expression of HIF-1α is associated with unfavorable prognosis of the patients (39–41). A recent study showed that ascorbate inhibits tumor growth of PDAC by reducing the expression of HIF-1α at the protein level under hypoxic condition via post-translational regulation (42). HIF-1α regulates granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression via direct binding to the hypoxia response element in the promoter region of GM-CSF gene, and participates in tumor-nerve interaction in PDAC (43). In addition, HIF-1α can directly bind to the hypoxia response element in the promoter region of cyclophilin A, regulating cyclophilin A expression and thus promoting PDAC cell proliferation and invasion, and suppressing apoptosis in vitro (44). In the present study, it was found that HIF-1α was significantly upregulated in PDAC tissues, consistent with previous reports (39–41). The upregulation of HIF-1α was primarily due to the presence of a hypoxic tumor microenvironment (21). Importantly, in the present study, it was also demonstrated that the expression of HIF-1α was regulated by a PCED1B-AS1/miR-411-3p axis. Functional experiments showed that HIF-1α overexpression partially reversed the inhibition of PCED1B-AS1 knockdown on PDAC cell proliferation, invasion and EMT. These results may explain the mechanism by which HIF-1α expression is dysregulated in PDAC.
In summary, it was demonstrated that PCED1B-AS1 was significantly upregulated in PDAC tissues and PDAC cell lines, and it was associated with a less favorable outcome in patients with PDAC. PCED1B-AS1 knockdown impeded PDAC cell proliferation, invasion and EMT. PCED1B-AS1 was shown to directly target miR-411-3p, acting as a ceRNA, indirectly increasing HIF-1α expression, thereby promoting PDAC progression. Collectively, these results provide an improved understanding of the characteristics of the PCED1B-AS1/miR-411-3p/HIF-1α axis in PDAC progression, which may provide novel directions for improvement of PDAC diagnosis and treatment. In future studies, in vivo models will be used to further validate the findings of the present study. Additionally, a larger cohort will be enrolled and survival analysis will be performed to evaluate the potential of PCED1B-AS1 as a biomarker in PDAC.
Supplementary Material
Supporting Data
Supporting Data
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used during the present study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
YZ and CC conceived and designed the study. ZY and HM performed the experiments. YZ, HM and CC wrote the paper. YZ, HM and CC reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the research in ensuring that the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of the People's Hospital of Three Gorges University.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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