Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
April-2022 Volume 47 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2022 Volume 47 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article Open Access

Inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway attenuates tumor‑associated macrophage activity in liver cancer

  • Authors:
    • Shohei Okikawa
    • Yuji Morine
    • Yu Saito
    • Shinichiro Yamada
    • Kazunori Tokuda
    • Hiroki Teraoku
    • Katsuki Miyazaki
    • Shoko Yamashita
    • Tetsuya Ikemoto
    • Satoru Imura
    • Mitsuo Shimada
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
    Copyright: © Okikawa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 71
    |
    Published online on: February 11, 2022
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2022.8282
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Tumor‑associated macrophage (TAMs) are paramount for tumor progression and immune tolerance in the tumor microenvironment of various types of cancer, including liver cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition on TAM polarization and function during their interactions with macrophages and liver cancer cells. TAMs were induced by culturing M0 macrophages with cancer cell‑conditioned medium. TAMs cultured with cancer cell‑conditioned medium and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor were defined as modified TAMs, and the expression levels of TAM‑associated markers and VEGF receptor 2 were evaluated using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). The effects of TAMs and modified TAMs on cancer cell proliferation and migration were investigated using conditioned medium. Programmed death‑ligand 1 (PD‑L1) mRNA expression in modified TAMs and cancer cells cultured in modified TAM‑conditioned medium (TAM‑CM) for 48 h was examined using RT‑qPCR. In order to investigate signaling pathways in macrophages, western blot analysis was performed. CD163 and CD206 and M2 macrophage marker expression was upregulated in TAMs and modified TAMs. Modified TAM‑CM exhibited a decreased ability to promote cancer cell proliferation and migration in comparison with the use of TAM‑CM. The VEGF concentration was significantly higher in the TAMs than in M0 macrophages; however, the modified TAMs displayed a significantly lower VEGF secretion than TAMs. PD‑L1 expression was decreased in modified TAMs as compared with TAMs. Western blot analysis revealed that the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was significantly suppressed in the modified TAMs compared with TAMs. It was observed that TAMs cultured in a VEGF‑depleted environment displayed lower secretion levels of cytokines involved in tumor progression and a decreased immune tolerance‑inducing ability. On the whole, the results of the present study suggested that VEGF inhibition in TAMs may be a potential therapeutic target for liver cancer.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Casey SC, Li Y, Fan AC and Felsher DW: Oncogene withdrawal engages the immune system to induce sustained cancer regression. J Immunother Cancer. 2:242014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Kenny PA, Lee GY and Bissell MJ: Targeting the tumor microenvironment. Front Biosci. 12:3468–3474. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Zhou K, Cheng T, Zhan J, Peng X, Zhang Y, Wen J, Chen X and Ying M: Targeting tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Oncol Lett. 20:2342020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Mantovani A, Sozzani S, Locati M, Allavena P and Sica A: Macrophage polarization: Tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol. 23:549–555. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Lan C, Huang X, Lin S, Huang H, Cai Q, Wan T, Lu J and Liu J: Expression of M2-polarized macrophages is associated with poor prognosis for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 12:259–267. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Kurahara H, Shinchi H, Mataki Y, Maemura K, Noma H, Kubo F, Sakoda M, Ueno S, Natsugoe S and Takao S: Significance of M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophage in pancreatic cancer. J Surg Res. 167:e211–e219. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Zhang B, Yao G, Zhang Y and Gao J, Yang B, Rao Z and Gao J: M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages are associated with poor prognoses resulting from accelerated lymphangiogenesis in lung adenocarcinoma. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 66:1879–1886. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Chanmee T, Ontong P, Konno K and Itano N: Tumor-associated macrophages as major players in the tumor microenvironment. Cancers (Basel). 6:1670–1690. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Qian BZ and Pollard JW: Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis. Cell. 141:39–51. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Condeelis J and Pollard JW: Macrophages: Obligate partners for tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Cell. 124:263–266. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Pollard JW: Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer. 4:71–78. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Valković T, Dobrila F, Melato M, Sasso F, Rizzardi C and Jonjić N: Correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor, angiogenesis, and tumor-associated macrophages in invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Virchows Arch. 440:583–588. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Shieh YS, Hung YJ, Hsieh CB, Chen JS, Chou KC and Liu SY: Tumor-associated macrophage correlated with angiogenesis and progression of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands. Ann Surg Oncol. 16:751–760. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Deryugina EI and Quigley JP: Tumor angiogenesis: MMP-mediated induction of intravasation- and metastasis-sustaining neovasculature. Matrix Biol. 44–46. 94–112. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Lin Y, Zhai E, Liao B, Xu L, Zhang X, Peng S, He Y, Cai S, Zeng Z and Chen M: Autocrine VEGF signaling promotes cell proliferation through a PLC-dependent pathway and modulates Apatinib treatment efficacy in gastric cancer. Oncotarget. 8:11990–12002. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Capece D, Fischietti M, Verzella D, Gaggiano A, Cicciarelli G, Tessitore A, Zazzeroni F and Alesse E: The inflammatory microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: A pivotal role for tumor-associated macrophages. Biomed Res Int. 2013:1872042013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Wu K, Lin K, Li X, Yuan X, Xu P, Ni P and Xu D: Redefining tumor-associated macrophage subpopulations and functions in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol. 11:17312020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Feng R, Morine Y, Ikemoto T, Imura S, Iwahashi S, Saito Y and Shimada M: Nrf2 activation drive macrophages polarization and cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition during interaction. Cell Commun Signal. 16:542018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Wheeler KC, Jena MK, Pradhan BS, Nayak N, Das S, Hsu CD, Wheeler DS, Chen K and Nayak NR: VEGF may contribute to macrophage recruitment and M2 polarization in the decidua. PLoS One. 13:e01910402018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Linde N, Lederle W, Depner S, van Rooijen N, Gutschalk CM and Mueller MM: Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced skin carcinogenesis depends on recruitment and alternative activation of macrophages. J Pathol. 227:17–28. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, Galle PR, Ducreux M, Kim TY, Kudo M, Breder V, Merle P, Kaseb AO, et al: Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 382:1894–1905. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Cheng AL, Qin S, Ikeda M, Galle P, Ducreux M, Zhu A, Kim TY, Kudo M, Breder V, Merle P, et al: IMbrave150: Efficacy and safety results from a ph III study evaluating atezolizumab (atezo) + bevacizumab (bev) vs sorafenib (Sor) as first treatment (tx) for patients (pts) with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ann Oncol. 30:ix186–ix187. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Yoshimoto T, Morine Y, Takasu C, Feng R, Ikemoto T, Yoshikawa K, Iwahashi S, Saito Y, Kashihara H, Akutagawa M, et al: Blue light-emitting diodes induce autophagy in colon cancer cells by Opsin 3. Ann Gastroenterol Surg. 2:154–161. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Riabov V, Gudima A, Wang N, Mickley A, Orekhov A and Kzhyshkowska J: Role of tumor associated macrophages in tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Front Physiol. 5:752014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Tsukamoto M, Imai K, Ishimoto T, Komohara Y, Yamashita YI, Nakagawa S, Umezaki N, Yamao T, Kitano Y, Miyata T, et al: PD-L1 expression enhancement by infiltrating macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor-α leads to poor pancreatic cancer prognosis. Cancer Sci. 110:310–320. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Wei Y, Zhao Q, Gao Z, Lao XM, Lin WM, Chen DP, Mu M, Huang CX, Liu ZY, Li B, et al: The local immune landscape determines tumor PD-L1 heterogeneity and sensitivity to therapy. J Clin Invest. 129:3347–3360. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Shima T, Shimoda M, Shigenobu T, Ohtsuka T, Nishimura T, Emoto K, Hayashi Y, Iwasaki T, Abe T, Asamura H and Kanai Y: Infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages is involved in tumor programmed death-ligand 1 expression in early lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci. 111:727–738. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Lai YS, Wahyuningtyas R, Aui SP and Chang KT: Autocrine VEGF signalling on M2 macrophages regulates PD-L1 expression for immunomodulation of T cells. J Cell Mol Med. 23:1257–1267. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Sica A and Mantovani A: Macrophage plasticity and polarization: In vivo veritas. J Clin Invest. 122:787–795. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Mantovani A, Biswas SK, Galdiero MR, Sica A and Locati M: Macrophage plasticity and polarization in tissue repair and remodelling. J Pathol. 229:176–185. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Petty AJ and Yang Y: Tumor-associated macrophages: Implications in cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy. 9:289–302. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Hughes R, Qian BZ, Rowan C, Muthana M, Keklikoglou I, Olson OC, Tazzyman S, Danson S, Addison C, Clemons M, et al: Perivascular M2 macrophages stimulate tumor relapse after chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 75:3479–3491. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Osterberg N, Ferrara N, Vacher J, Gaedicke S, Niedermann G, Weyerbrock A, Doostkam S, Schaefer HE, Plate KH and Machein MR: Decrease of VEGF-A in myeloid cells attenuates glioma progression and prolongs survival in an experimental glioma model. Neuro Oncol. 18:939–949. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Min AKT, Mimura K, Nakajima S, Okayama H, Saito K, Sakamoto W, Fujita S, Endo H, Saito M, Saze Z, et al: Therapeutic potential of anti-VEGF receptor 2 therapy targeting for M2-tumor-associated macrophages in colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 70:289–298. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Chu M, Xu L, Zhang MB, Chu ZY and Wang YD: Role of baicalin in anti-influenza virus A as a potent inducer of IFN-gamma. Biomed Res Int. 2015:2636302015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Yu FY, Huang SG, Zhang HY, Chi HG, Zou Y, Lu RX and Zheng XB: Effect of baicalin on signal transduction and activating transcription factor expression in ulcerative colitis patients. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 35:419–424. 2015.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

38 

Zhang CL, Zhang S, He WX, Lu JL, Xu YJ, Yang JY and Liu D: Baicalin may alleviate inflammatory infiltration in dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic ulcerative colitis via inhibiting IL-33 expression. Life Sci. 186:125–132. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Kessler T, Sahm F, Blaes J, Osswald M, Rübmann P, Milford D, Urban S, Jestaedt L, Heiland S, Bendszus M, et al: Glioma cell VEGFR-2 confers resistance to chemotherapeutic and antiangiogenic treatments in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma. Oncotarget. 6:31050–31068. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Faes S, Santoro T, Demartines N and Dormond O: Evolving significance and future relevance of anti-angiogenic activity of mTOR inhibitors in cancer therapy. Cancers (Basel). 9:1522017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Mercurio A, Lipscomb E and Bachelder R: Non-angiogenic functions of VEGF in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 10:283–290. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Yao X, Tu Y, Xu Y, Guo Y, Yao F and Zhang X: Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced exosomal miR-27a-3p promotes immune escape in breast cancer via regulating PD-L1 expression in macrophages. J Cell Mol Med. 24:9560–9573. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Li D, Sun FF, Wang D, Wang T, Peng JJ, Feng JQ, Li H, Wang C, Zhou DJ, Luo H, et al: Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) regulated by NRF-2/MicroRNA-1 regulatory axis enhances drug resistance and promotes tumorigenic properties in sorafenib-resistant hepatoma cells. Oncol Res. 28:467–481. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Schmidinger M: Clinical decision-making for immunotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Urol. 28:29–34. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Okikawa S, Morine Y, Saito Y, Yamada S, Tokuda K, Teraoku H, Miyazaki K, Yamashita S, Ikemoto T, Imura S, Imura S, et al: Inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway attenuates tumor‑associated macrophage activity in liver cancer. Oncol Rep 47: 71, 2022.
APA
Okikawa, S., Morine, Y., Saito, Y., Yamada, S., Tokuda, K., Teraoku, H. ... Shimada, M. (2022). Inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway attenuates tumor‑associated macrophage activity in liver cancer. Oncology Reports, 47, 71. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2022.8282
MLA
Okikawa, S., Morine, Y., Saito, Y., Yamada, S., Tokuda, K., Teraoku, H., Miyazaki, K., Yamashita, S., Ikemoto, T., Imura, S., Shimada, M."Inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway attenuates tumor‑associated macrophage activity in liver cancer". Oncology Reports 47.4 (2022): 71.
Chicago
Okikawa, S., Morine, Y., Saito, Y., Yamada, S., Tokuda, K., Teraoku, H., Miyazaki, K., Yamashita, S., Ikemoto, T., Imura, S., Shimada, M."Inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway attenuates tumor‑associated macrophage activity in liver cancer". Oncology Reports 47, no. 4 (2022): 71. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2022.8282
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Okikawa S, Morine Y, Saito Y, Yamada S, Tokuda K, Teraoku H, Miyazaki K, Yamashita S, Ikemoto T, Imura S, Imura S, et al: Inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway attenuates tumor‑associated macrophage activity in liver cancer. Oncol Rep 47: 71, 2022.
APA
Okikawa, S., Morine, Y., Saito, Y., Yamada, S., Tokuda, K., Teraoku, H. ... Shimada, M. (2022). Inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway attenuates tumor‑associated macrophage activity in liver cancer. Oncology Reports, 47, 71. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2022.8282
MLA
Okikawa, S., Morine, Y., Saito, Y., Yamada, S., Tokuda, K., Teraoku, H., Miyazaki, K., Yamashita, S., Ikemoto, T., Imura, S., Shimada, M."Inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway attenuates tumor‑associated macrophage activity in liver cancer". Oncology Reports 47.4 (2022): 71.
Chicago
Okikawa, S., Morine, Y., Saito, Y., Yamada, S., Tokuda, K., Teraoku, H., Miyazaki, K., Yamashita, S., Ikemoto, T., Imura, S., Shimada, M."Inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway attenuates tumor‑associated macrophage activity in liver cancer". Oncology Reports 47, no. 4 (2022): 71. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2022.8282
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team