Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
September-2022 Volume 48 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2022 Volume 48 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Anticancer effects of natural phytochemicals in anaplastic thyroid cancer (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yitian Li
    • Jing Zhang
    • Huihui Zhou
    • Zhen Du
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Hygiene, Public Health College, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 156
    |
    Published online on: July 15, 2022
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2022.8368
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is an aggressive and lethal malignancy having a dismal prognosis. Phytochemicals are bioactive components obtained from plants that have been proven useful to treat numerous diseases. Phytochemicals are also an important source of novel anticancer drugs and an important area of research due to the numerous available candidates that can potentially treat cancers. This review discusses naturally occurring phytochemicals and their derivatives that show promising anticancer effects in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Anticancer effects include cell growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis, promoting cell cycle arrest, suppressing angiogenesis, modulating autophagy, and increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. Phytochemicals are not only prospective candidates in the therapy of anaplastic thyroid cancer but also exhibit potential as adjuvants to improve the anticancer effects of other drugs. Although some phytochemicals have excellent anticancer properties, drug resistance observed during the use of resveratrol and artemisinin in different anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines is still a problem. Anaplastic thyroid cancer cells have several biological, clinical, and drug‑resistance features that differ from differentiated thyroid cancer cells. Phytochemicals such as resveratrol and quercetin exhibit different biological effects in anaplastic thyroid cancer and differentiated thyroid cancer. Tumor cells depend on increased aerobic glycolysis by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to provide energy for their rapid growth, invasiveness, and drug resistance. Phytochemicals can alter signaling cascades, modulate the metabolic properties of cancer cells, and influence the mitochondrial membrane potential of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. These findings enrich our knowledge of the anticancer effects of phytochemicals and highlight alternative therapies to prevent drug resistance in anaplastic thyroid cancer.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

O'Neill JP and Shaha AR: Anaplastic thyroid cancer. Oral Oncol. 49:702–706. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Saini S, Tulla K, Maker AV, Burman KD and Prabhakar BS: Therapeutic advances in anaplastic thyroid cancer: A current perspective. Mol Cancer. 17:1542018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Tesselaar MH, Crezee T, Schuurmans I, Gerrits D, Nagarajah J, Boerman OC, van Engen-van Grunsven I, Smit JWA, Netea-Maier RT and Plantinga TS: Digitalislike compounds restore hNIS expression and iodide uptake capacity in anaplastic thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med. 59:780–786. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Haugen BR, Sawka AM, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Caturegli P, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Morris JC, Nassar A, Pacini F, et al: American thyroid association guidelines on the management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer task force review and recommendation on the proposed renaming of encapsulated follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma without invasion to noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features. Thyroid. 27:481–483. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Haddad RI, Nasr C, Bischoff L, Busaidy NL, Byrd D, Callender G, Dickson P, Duh QY, Ehya H, Goldner W, et al: NCCN guidelines insights: Thyroid carcinoma, version 2.2018. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 16:1429–1440. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Zheng X, Cui D, Xu S, Brabant G and Derwahl M: Doxorubicin fails to eradicate cancer stem cells derived from anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells: Characterization of resistant cells. Int J Oncol. 37:307–315. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Xu Y, Han YF, Ye B, Zhang YL, Dong JD, Zhu SJ and Chen J: MiR-27b-3p is involved in doxorubicin resistance of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells via targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 123:670–677. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Abbasifarid E, Sajjadi-Jazi SM, Beheshtian M, Samimi H, Larijani B and Haghpanah V: The role of ATP-binding cassette transporters in the chemoresistance of anaplastic thyroid cancer: A systematic review. Endocrinology. 160:2015–2023. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Lan L, Basourakos S, Cui D, Zuo X, Deng W, Huo L, Chen H, Zhang G, Deng L, Shi B and Luo Y: ATRA increases iodine uptake and inhibits the proliferation and invasiveness of human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma SW1736 cells: Involvement of β-catenin phosphorylation inhibition. Oncol Lett. 14:7733–7738. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

10 

Avila-Carrasco L, Majano P, Sánchez-Toméro JA, Selgas R, López-Cabrera M, Aguilera A and Mateo GG: Natural plants compounds as modulators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Front Pharmacol. 10:7152019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Chen CY, Kao CL and Liu CM: The cancer prevention, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation of bioactive phytochemicals targeting the TLR4 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 19:27292018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Asadi-Samani M, Kooti W, Aslani E and Shirzad H: A systematic review of Iran's medicinal plants with anticancer effects. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 21:143–153. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Li YT, Tian XT, Wu ML, Zheng X, Kong QY, Cheng XX, Zhu GW, Liu J and Li H: Resveratrol suppresses the growth and enhances retinoic acid sensitivity of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci. 19:10302018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Wang R, Deng X, Gao Q, Wu X, Han L, Gao X, Zhao S, Chen W, Zhou R, Li Z and Bai C: Sophora alopecuroides L: An ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacological review. J Ethnopharmacol. 248:1121722020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Tian D, Li Y, Li X and Tian Z: Aloperine inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion and induces apoptosis by blocking the Ras signaling pathway in human breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep. 18:3699–3710. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Ling Z, Guan H, You Z, Wang C, Hu L, Zhang L, Wang Y, Chen S, Xu B and Chen M: Aloperine executes antitumor effects through the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Onco Targets Ther. 11:2735–2743. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Qiu M, Liu J, Su Y, Liu J, Wu C and Zhao B: Aloperine induces apoptosis by a reactive oxygen species activation mechanism in human ovarian cancer cells. Protein Pept Lett. 27:860–869. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Yu HI, Shen HC, Chen SH, Lim YP, Chuang HH, Tai TS, Kung FP, Lu CH, Hou CY, Lee YR, et al: Autophagy modulation in human thyroid cancer cells following aloperine treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 20:53152019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Lee YR, Chen SH, Lin CY, Chao WY, Lim YP, Yu HI and Lu CH: In vitro antitumor activity of aloperine on human thyroid cancer cells through caspase-dependent apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci. 19:3122018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Sharma A, Ghani A, Sak K, Tuli HS, Sharma AK, Setzer WN, Sharma S and Das AK: Probing into therapeutic anti-cancer potential of apigenin: Recent trends and future directions. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 13:124–133. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Zhao G, Han X, Cheng W, Ni J, Zhang Y, Lin J and Song Z: Apigenin inhibits proliferation and invasion, and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human melanoma cells. Oncol Rep. 37:2277–2285. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Yin F, Giuliano AE and Van Herle AJ: Growth inhibitory effects of flavonoids in human thyroid cancer cell lines. Thyroid. 9:369–376. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Kim SH, Kang JG, Kim CS, Ihm SH, Choi MG, Yoo HJ and Lee SJ: Apigenin induces c-Myc-mediated apoptosis in FRO anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 369:130–139. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Yin F, Giuliano AE and Van Herle AJ: Signal pathways involved in apigenin inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells (ARO). Anticancer Res. 19:4297–4303. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Kim SH, Kang JG, Kim CS, Ihm SH, Choi MG, Yoo HJ and Lee SJ: Akt inhibition enhances the cytotoxic effect of apigenin in combination with PLX4032 in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells harboring BRAFV600E. J Endocrinol Invest. 36:1099–1104. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Kim SH, Kang JG, Kim CS, Ihm SH, Choi MG, Yoo HJ and Lee SJ: Suppression of AKT potentiates synergistic cytotoxicity of apigenin with trail in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res. 35:6529–6537. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Ma N, Zhang Z, Liao F, Jiang T and Tu Y: The birth of artemisinin. Pharmacol Ther. 216:1076582020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Zhu S, Yu Q, Huo C, Li Y, He L, Ran B, Chen J, Li Y and Liu W: Ferroptosis: A novel mechanism of artemisinin and its derivatives in cancer therapy. Curr Med Chem. 28:329–345. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Li Y: Pyrvinium pamoate can overcome artemisinin's resistance in anaplastic thyroid cancer. BMC Complement Med Ther. 21:1562021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Zeng Q, Zhang Y, Zhang W and Guo Q: Baicalein suppresses the proliferation and invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting snail-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Med Rep. 21:2544–2552. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Yu G, Chen L, Hu Y, Yuan Z, Luo Y and Xiong Y: Antitumor effects of baicalein and its mechanism via TGFβ pathway in cervical cancer hela cells. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2021:55271902021.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Yan W, Ma X, Zhao X and Zhang S: Baicalein induces apoptosis and autophagy of breast cancer cells via inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway in vivo and vitro. Drug Des Devel Ther. 12:3961–3972. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Park CH, Han SE, Nam-Goong IS, Kim YI and Kim ES: Combined effects of baicalein and docetaxel on apoptosis in 8505c anaplastic thyroid cancer cells via downregulation of the ERK and Akt/mTOR pathways. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 33:121–132. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Han SE, Park CH, Nam-Goong IS, Kim YI and Kim ES: Anticancer effects of baicalein in FRO thyroid cancer cells through the up-regulation of ERK/p38 MAPK and Akt pathway. In Vivo. 33:375–382. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Naz S, Imran M, Rauf A, Orhan IE, Shariati MA, Iahtisham-Ul-Haq, IqraYasmin, Shahbaz M, Qaisrani TB, Shah ZA, et al: Chrysin: Pharmacological and therapeutic properties. Life Sci. 235:1167972019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Jung J: Emerging utilization of chrysin using nanoscale modification. J Nanomater. 2016:e28940892016. View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Madana RM, Athira KV, Gogoi R and Barua CC: Chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of chrysin in cancer: Mechanistic perspectives. Toxicol Lett. 233:214–225. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Phan T, Yu XM, Kunnimalaiyaan M and Chen H: Antiproliferative effect of chrysin on anaplastic thyroid cancer. J Surg Res. 170:84–88. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Yu XM, Phan T, Patel PN, Jaskula-Sztul R and Chen H: Chrysin activates notch1 signaling and suppresses tumor growth of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Cancer. 119:774–781. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Giordano A and Tommonaro G: Curcumin and cancer. Nutrients. 11:23762019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Allegri L, Rosignolo F, Mio C, Filetti S, Baldan F and Damante G: Effects of nutraceuticals on anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 144:285–294. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Kocdor MA, Cengiz H, Ates H and Kocdor H: Inhibition of cancer stem-like phenotype by curcumin and deguelin in CAL-62 anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 19:1887–1898. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Hong JM, Park CS, Nam-Goong IS, Kim YS, Lee JC, Han MW, Choi JI, Kim YI and Kim ES: Curcumin enhances docetaxel-induced apoptosis of 8505C anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 29:54–61. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Boyd J and Han A: Deguelin and its role in chronic diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol. 929:363–375. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Tuli HS, Mittal S, Loka M, Aggarwal V, Aggarwal D, Masurkar A, Kaur G, Varol M, Sak K, Kumar M, et al: Deguelin targets multiple oncogenic signaling pathways to combat human malignancies. Pharmacol Res. 166:1054872021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Kim HS, Quon MJ and Kim JA: New insights into the mechanisms of polyphenols beyond antioxidant properties; lessons from the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin 3-gallate. Redox Biol. 2:187–195. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Hayakawa S, Ohishi T, Miyoshi N, Oishi Y, Nakamura Y and Isemura M: Anti-cancer effects of green tea epigallocatchin–3-gallate and coffee chlorogenic acid. Molecules. 25:45532020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Wu D, Liu Z, Li J, Zhang Q, Zhong P, Teng T, Chen M, Xie Z, Ji A and Li Y: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the growth and increases the apoptosis of human thyroid carcinoma cells through suppression of EGFR/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int. 19:432019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Li T, Zhao N, Lu J, Zhu Q, Liu X, Hao F and Jiao X: Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells through blocking of TGF-β1/smad signaling pathways. Bioengineered. 10:282–291. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Jiang ZB, Huang JM, Xie YJ, Zhang YZ, Chang C, Lai HL, Wang W, Yao XJ, Fan XX, Wu QB, et al: Evodiamine suppresses non-small cell lung cancer by elevating CD8+ T cells and downregulating the MUC1-C/PD-L1 axis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 39:2492020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Luo C, Ai J, Ren E, Li J, Feng C, Li X and Luo X: Research progress on evodiamine, a bioactive alkaloid of Evodiae fructus: Focus on its anti-cancer activity and bioavailability (Review). Exp Ther Med. 22:13272021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Chen MC, Yu CH, Wang SW, Pu HF, Kan SF, Lin LC, Chi CW, Ho LLT, Lee CH and Wang PS: Anti-proliferative effects of evodiamine on human thyroid cancer cell line ARO. J Cell Biochem. 110:1495–1503. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Yu HI, Chou HC, Su YC, Lin LH, Lu CH, Chuang HH, Tsai YT, Liao EC, Wei YS, Yang YT, et al: Proteomic analysis of evodiamine-induced cytotoxicity in thyroid cancer cells. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 160:344–350. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Kim SH, Kang JG, Kim CS, Ihm SH, Choi MG and Lee SJ: Evodiamine suppresses survival, proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of thyroid carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res. 38:6339–6352. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Kim SH, Kang JG, Kim CS, Ihm SH, Choi MG and Lee SJ: Evodiamine in combination with histone deacetylase inhibitors has synergistic cytotoxicity in thyroid carcinoma cells. Endocrine. 65:110–120. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Chien CC, Wu MS, Chou SW, Jargalsaikhan G and Chen YC: Roles of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, and p53 in evodiamine-induced apoptosis and G2/M arrest of human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Chin Med. 16:1342021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Xiao Z, Hao Y, Liu B and Qian L: Indirubin and meisoindigo in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in China. Leuk Lymphoma. 43:1763–1768. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Hoessel R, Leclerc S, Endicott JA, Nobel ME, Lawrie A, Tunnah P, Leost M, Damiens E, Marie D, Marko D, et al: Indirubin, the active constituent of a Chinese antileukaemia medicine, inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases. Nat Cell Biol. 1:60–67. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Broecker-Preuss M, Becher-Boveleth N, Gall S, Rehmann K, Schenke S and Mann K: Induction of atypical cell death in thyroid carcinoma cells by the indirubin derivative 7-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (7BIO). Cancer Cell Int. 15:972015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Mukund V, Mukund D, Sharma V, Mannarapu M and Alam A: Genistein: Its role in metabolic diseases and cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 119:13–22. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Ahn JC, Biswas R and Chung PS: Combination with genistein enhances the efficacy of photodynamic therapy against human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Lasers Surg Med. 44:840–849. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Li M, Chen J, Yu X, Xu S, Li D, Zheng Q and Yin Y: Myricetin suppresses the propagation of hepatocellular carcinoma via down-regulating expression of YAP. Cells. 8:3582019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Knickle A, Fernando W, Greenshields AL, Rupasinghe HPV and Hoskin DW: Myricetin-induced apoptosis of triple-negative breast cancer cells is mediated by the iron-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species from hydrogen peroxide. Food Chem Toxicol. 118:154–167. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Xu Y, Xie Q, Wu S, Yi D, Yu Y, Liu S, Li S and Li Z: Myricetin induces apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress and DNA double-strand breaks in human ovarian cancer cells. Mol Med Rep. 13:2094–2100. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Ma L, Cao X, Wang H, Lu K, Wang Y, Tu C, Dai Y, Meng Y, Li Y, Yu P, et al: Discovery of Myricetin as a potent inhibitor of human flap endonuclease 1, which potentially can be used as sensitizing agent against HT-29 human colon cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem. 67:1656–1665. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Jo S, Ha TK, Han SH, Kim ME, Jung I, Lee HW, Bae SK and Lee JS: Myricetin induces apoptosis of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells via mitochondria dysfunction. Anticancer Res. 37:1705–1710. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Tang SM, Deng XT, Zhou J, Li QP, Ge XX and Miao L: Pharmacological basis and new insights of quercetin action in respect to its anti-cancer effects. Biomed Pharmacother. 121:1096042020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Kang HJ, Youn YK, Hong MK and Kim LS: Antiproliferation and redifferentiation in thyroid cancer cell lines by polyphenol phytochemicals. J Korean Med Sci. 26:893–899. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Hoang-Vu C, Bull K, Schwarz I, Krause G, Schmutzler C, Aust G, Köhrle J and Dralle H: Regulation of CD97 protein in thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84:1104–1109. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Ren B, Kwah MXY, Liu C, Ma Z, Shanmugam MK, Ding L, Xiang X, Ho PCL, Wang L, Ong PS and Goh BC: Resveratrol for cancer therapy: Challenges and future perspectives. Cancer Lett. 515:63–72. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Rauf A, Imran M, Butt MS, Nadeem M, Peters DG and Mubarak MS: Resveratrol as an anti-cancer agent: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 58:1428–1447. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Yu XM, Jaskula-Sztul R, Ahmed K, Harrison AD, Kunnimalaiyaan M and Chen H: Resveratrol induces differentiation markers expression in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma via activation of notch1 signaling and suppresses cell growth. Mol Cancer Ther. 12:1276–1287. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Liu X, Li H, Wu ML, Wu J, Sun Y, Zhang KL and Liu J: Resveratrol reverses retinoic acid resistance of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells via demethylating CRABP2 gene. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 10:7342019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Wu J, Li YT, Tian XT, Liu YS, Wu ML, Li PN and Liu J: STAT3 signaling statuses determine the fate of resveratrol-treated anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Cancer Biomark Sect Dis Markers. 27:461–469. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Zheng X, Jia B, Tian XT, Song X, Wu ML, Kong QY, Li H and Liu J: Correlation of reactive oxygen species levels with resveratrol sensitivities of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018:62354172018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Xiong L, Nie JH, Lin XM, Wu JB, Chen Z, Xu B and Liu J: Biological implications of PTEN upregulation and altered sodium/iodide symporter intracellular distribution in resveratrol-suppressed anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. J Cancer. 11:6883–6891. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Xiong L, Lin XM, Nie JH, Ye HS and Liu J: Resveratrol and its nanoparticle suppress doxorubicin/docetaxel-resistant anaplastic thyroid cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Nanotheranostics. 5:143–154. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Imran M, Rauf A, Khan IA, Shahbaz M, Qaisrani TB, Fatmawati S, Abu-Izneid T, Imran A, Rahman KU and Gondal TA: Thymoquinone: A novel strategy to combat cancer: A review. Biomed Pharmacother Biomedecine Pharmacother. 106:390–402. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Zhang M, Du H, Wang L, Yue Y, Zhang P, Huang Z, Lv W, Ma J, Shao Q, Ma M, et al: Thymoquinone suppresses invasion and metastasis in bladder cancer cells by reversing EMT through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact. 320:1090222020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Ozturk SA, Alp E, Saglam ASY, Konac E and Menevse ES: The effects of thymoquinone and genistein treatment on telomerase activity, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and survival in thyroid cancer cell lines. J Cancer Res Ther. 14:328–334. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

81 

Kupchan SM, Court WA, Dailey RG Jr, Gilmore CJ and Bryan RF: Triptolide and tripdiolide, novel antileukemic diterpenoid triepoxides from Tripterygium wilfordii. J Am Chem Soc. 94:7194–7195. 1972. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Noel P, Von Hoff DD, Saluja AK, Velagapudi M, Borazanci E and Han H: Triptolide and its derivatives as cancer therapies. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 40:327–341. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Zhu W, Hu H, Qiu P and Yan G: Triptolide induces apoptosis in human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells by a p53-independent but NF-kappaB-related mechanism. Oncol Rep. 22:1397–1401. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

84 

Zhu W, Ou Y, Li Y, Xiao R, Shu M, Zhou Y, Xie J, He S, Qiu P and Yan G: A small-molecule triptolide suppresses angiogenesis and invasion of human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells via down-regulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. Mol Pharmacol. 75:812–819. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Zhu W, He S, Li Y, Qiu P, Shu M, Ou Y, Zhou Y, Leng T, Xie J, Zheng X, et al: Anti-angiogenic activity of triptolide in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is mediated by targeting vascular endothelial and tumor cells. Vascul Pharmacol. 52:46–54. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Kim SH, Kang JG, Kim CS, Ihm SH, Choi MG, Yoo HJ and Lee SJ: Synergistic cytotoxicity of BIIB021 with triptolide through suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB signal pathways in thyroid carcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 83:22–32. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Chikara S, Nagaprashantha LD, Singhal J, Horne D, Awasthi S and Singhal SS: Oxidative stress and dietary phytochemicals: Role in cancer chemoprevention and treatment. Cancer Lett. 413:122–134. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Ahmad SS, Waheed T, Rozeen S, Mahmood S and Kamal MA: Therapeutic study of phytochemicals against cancer and Alzheimer's disease management. Curr Drug Metab. 20:1006–1013. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Tendulkar S and Dodamani S: Chemoresistance in ovarian cancer: Prospects for new drugs. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 21:668–678. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Shin HJ, Hwang KA and Choi KC: Antitumor effect of various phytochemicals on diverse types of thyroid cancers. Nutrients. 11:1252019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A and Rémésy C: Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 81 (1 Suppl):230S–242S. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Pannu N and Bhatnagar A: Resveratrol: From enhanced biosynthesis and bioavailability to multitargeting chronic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother. 109:2237–2251. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Somjen D, Grafi-Cohen M, Katzburg S, Weisinger G, Izkhakov E, Nevo N, Sharon O, Kraiem Z, Kohen F and Stern N: Anti-thyroid cancer properties of a novel isoflavone derivative, 7-(O)-carboxymethyl daidzein conjugated to N-t-Boc-hexylenediamine in vitro and in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 126:95–103. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Zheng X, Jia B, Song X, Kong QY, Wu ML, Qiu ZW, Li H and Liu J: Preventive potential of resveratrol in carcinogen-induced rat thyroid tumorigenesis. Nutrients. 10:2792018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Jafarpour SM, Safaei M, Mohseni M, Salimian M, Aliasgharzadeh A and Farhood B: The radioprotective effects of curcumin and trehalose against genetic damage caused by I-131. Indian J Nucl Med. 33:99–104. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Stancioiu F, Mihai D, Papadakis GZ, Tsatsakis A, Spandidos DA and Badiu C: Treatment for benign thyroid nodules with a combination of natural extracts. Mol Med Rep. 20:2332–2338. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

97 

Chmielik E, Rusinek D, Oczko-Wojciechowska M, Jarzab M, Krajewska J, Czarniecka A and Jarzab B: Heterogeneity of thyroid cancer. Pathobiolgy. 85:117–129. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Cabanillas ME, McFadden DG and Durante C: Thyroid cancer. Lancet. 388:2783–2795. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Miller D, Brest A, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ and Cronin KA: SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2018. National Cancer Institute; Bethesda, MD: 2018

100 

La Vecchia C, Malvezzi M, Bosetti C, Garavello W, Bertuccio P, Levi F and Negri E: Thyroid cancer mortality and incidence: A global overview. Int J Cancer. 136:2187–2195. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

101 

Molinaro E, Romei C, Biagini A, Sabini E, Agate L, Mazzeo S, Materazzi G, Sellari-Franceschini S, Ribechini A, Torregrossa L, et al: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: From clinicopathology to genetics and advanced therapies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 13:644–660. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Smallridge RC and Copland JA: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: Pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 22:486–497. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

103 

Ain KB: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: Behavior, biology, and therapeutic approaches. Thyroid. 8:715–726. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Glaser SM, Mandish SF, Gill BS, Balasubramani GK, Clump DA and Beriwal S: Anaplastic thyroid cancer: Prognostic factors, patterns of care, and overall survival. Head Neck. 38 (Suppl 1):E2083–E2090. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Ferrari SM, Elia G, Ragusa F, Ruffilli I, Motta CL, Paparo SR, Patrizio A, Vita R, Benvenga S, Materazzi G, et al: Novel treatments for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Gland Surg. 9 (Suppl 1):S28–S42. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Xu G, Chen J, Wang G, Xiao J, Zhang N, Chen Y, Yu H, Wang G and Zhao Y: Resveratrol inhibits the tumorigenesis of follicular thyroid cancer via ST6GAL2-regulated activation of the hippo signaling pathway. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 16:124–133. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Shih A, Davis FB, Lin HY and Davis PJ: Resveratrol induces apoptosis in thyroid cancer cell lines via a MAPK- and p53-dependent mechanism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 87:1223–1232. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Ferretti E, Tosi E, Po A, Scipioni A, Morisi R, Espinola MS, Russo D, Durante C, Schlumberger M, Screpanti I, et al: Notch signaling is involved in expression of thyrocyte differentiation markers and is down-regulated in thyroid tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 93:4080–4087. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Davis RJ, Pinchot S, Jarjour S, Kunnimalaiyaan M and Chen H: Resveratrol-induced notch activation potentially mediates autophagy in human follicular thyroid cancer cells. J Surg Res. 2:331–332. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Wang Y, Hu Z, Ma W, Niu Y, Su J, Zhang L and Zhao P: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibition alleviates resistance to BRAF inhibition in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Invest New Drugs. 39:764–774. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Kartal-Yandim M, Adan-Gokbulut A and Baran Y: Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance and its reversal in cancer. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 36:716–726. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Pick A and Wiese M: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors influence ABCG2 expression in EGFR-positive MDCK BCRP cells via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. ChemMedChem. 7:650–662. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

113 

Hoffmann K, Shibo L, Xiao Z, Longerich T, Büchler MW and Schemmer P: Correlation of gene expression of ATP-binding cassette protein and tyrosine kinase signaling pathway in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 31:3883–3890. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

114 

Wang Z, Li Y, Ahmad A, Azmi AS, Banerjee S, Kong D and Sarkar FH: Targeting notch signaling pathway to overcome drug resistance for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1806:258–267. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

115 

Ma L and Cheng Q: Inhibiting 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase reverses doxorubicin resistance in anaplastic thyroid cancer via inhibiting NADPH-dependent metabolic reprogramming. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 498:912–917. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

116 

Li Y: Inactivation of PDH can reduce anaplastic thyroid cancer cells' sensitivity to artemisinin. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 22:1753–1760. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Warburg O: On the origin of cancer cells. Science. 123:309–314. 1956. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

118 

Enriquez-Navas PM, Wojtkowiak JW and Gatenby RA: Application of evolutionary principles to cancer therapy. Cancer Res. 75:4675–4680. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

119 

Siddiqui FA, Prakasam G, Chattopadhyay S, Rehman AU, Padder RA, Ansari MA, Irshad R, Mangalhara K, Bamezai RNK, Husain M, et al: Curcumin decreases Warburg effect in cancer cells by down-regulating pyruvate kinase M2 via mTOR-HIF1α inhibition. Sci Rep. 8:83232018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

120 

Gibellini L, Bianchini E, De Biasi S, Nasi M, Cossarizza A and Pinti M: Natural compounds modulating mitochondrial functions. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2015:5272092015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li Y, Zhang J, Zhou H and Du Z: Anticancer effects of natural phytochemicals in anaplastic thyroid cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 48: 156, 2022.
APA
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, H., & Du, Z. (2022). Anticancer effects of natural phytochemicals in anaplastic thyroid cancer (Review). Oncology Reports, 48, 156. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2022.8368
MLA
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, H., Du, Z."Anticancer effects of natural phytochemicals in anaplastic thyroid cancer (Review)". Oncology Reports 48.3 (2022): 156.
Chicago
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, H., Du, Z."Anticancer effects of natural phytochemicals in anaplastic thyroid cancer (Review)". Oncology Reports 48, no. 3 (2022): 156. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2022.8368
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li Y, Zhang J, Zhou H and Du Z: Anticancer effects of natural phytochemicals in anaplastic thyroid cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 48: 156, 2022.
APA
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, H., & Du, Z. (2022). Anticancer effects of natural phytochemicals in anaplastic thyroid cancer (Review). Oncology Reports, 48, 156. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2022.8368
MLA
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, H., Du, Z."Anticancer effects of natural phytochemicals in anaplastic thyroid cancer (Review)". Oncology Reports 48.3 (2022): 156.
Chicago
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zhou, H., Du, Z."Anticancer effects of natural phytochemicals in anaplastic thyroid cancer (Review)". Oncology Reports 48, no. 3 (2022): 156. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2022.8368
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team