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Emerging histological and serological biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Applications in diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapeutics (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Leonel Pekarek
    • Maria J. Garrido‑Gil
    • Alicia Sánchez‑Cendra
    • Javier Cassinello
    • Tatiana Pekarek
    • Oscar Fraile‑Martinez
    • Cielo García‑Montero
    • Laura Lopez‑Gonzalez
    • Antonio Rios‑Parra
    • Melchor Álvarez‑Mon
    • Julio Acero
    • Raul Diaz‑Pedrero
    • Miguel A. Ortega
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain, Oncology Service, Guadalajara University Hospital, 19002 Guadalajara, Spain, Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
    Copyright: © Pekarek et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 213
    |
    Published online on: October 20, 2023
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2023.8650
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Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity and accounts for >90% of all oral cancers. Despite advances in diagnostic procedures and therapeutic interventions, overall survival has not improved significantly in recent decades, primarily due to late diagnosis, locoregional recurrence and treatment resistance. Identifying reliable biomarkers for early detection, prognosis evaluation and treatment response prediction is critical for improving clinical outcomes in patients with OSCC. In the present review, the prognostic and predictive utility of circulating biomarkers, such as circulating tumour cells, serological biomarkers and histological and genetic biomarkers, were explored in the context of OSCC. In addition, the potential role of immune checkpoints in the treatment of OSCC was highlighted and the rapidly evolving field of liquid biopsy and its potential to revolutionize diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and treatment were examined. The existing evidence for the clinical utility of these biomarkers was critically evaluated and the challenges and limitations associated with their introduction into routine clinical practice were addressed. In conclusion, the present review highlights the promising role of biomarkers in improving the current understanding of the pathogenesis of OSCC and offers potential avenues for improving patient care through personalized medicine approaches.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Pekarek L, Garrido‑Gil MJ, Sánchez‑Cendra A, Cassinello J, Pekarek T, Fraile‑Martinez O, García‑Montero C, Lopez‑Gonzalez L, Rios‑Parra A, Álvarez‑Mon M, Álvarez‑Mon M, et al: Emerging histological and serological biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Applications in diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapeutics (Review). Oncol Rep 50: 213, 2023.
APA
Pekarek, L., Garrido‑Gil, M.J., Sánchez‑Cendra, A., Cassinello, J., Pekarek, T., Fraile‑Martinez, O. ... Ortega, M.A. (2023). Emerging histological and serological biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Applications in diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapeutics (Review). Oncology Reports, 50, 213. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2023.8650
MLA
Pekarek, L., Garrido‑Gil, M. J., Sánchez‑Cendra, A., Cassinello, J., Pekarek, T., Fraile‑Martinez, O., García‑Montero, C., Lopez‑Gonzalez, L., Rios‑Parra, A., Álvarez‑Mon, M., Acero, J., Diaz‑Pedrero, R., Ortega, M. A."Emerging histological and serological biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Applications in diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapeutics (Review)". Oncology Reports 50.6 (2023): 213.
Chicago
Pekarek, L., Garrido‑Gil, M. J., Sánchez‑Cendra, A., Cassinello, J., Pekarek, T., Fraile‑Martinez, O., García‑Montero, C., Lopez‑Gonzalez, L., Rios‑Parra, A., Álvarez‑Mon, M., Acero, J., Diaz‑Pedrero, R., Ortega, M. A."Emerging histological and serological biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Applications in diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapeutics (Review)". Oncology Reports 50, no. 6 (2023): 213. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2023.8650
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Pekarek L, Garrido‑Gil MJ, Sánchez‑Cendra A, Cassinello J, Pekarek T, Fraile‑Martinez O, García‑Montero C, Lopez‑Gonzalez L, Rios‑Parra A, Álvarez‑Mon M, Álvarez‑Mon M, et al: Emerging histological and serological biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Applications in diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapeutics (Review). Oncol Rep 50: 213, 2023.
APA
Pekarek, L., Garrido‑Gil, M.J., Sánchez‑Cendra, A., Cassinello, J., Pekarek, T., Fraile‑Martinez, O. ... Ortega, M.A. (2023). Emerging histological and serological biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Applications in diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapeutics (Review). Oncology Reports, 50, 213. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2023.8650
MLA
Pekarek, L., Garrido‑Gil, M. J., Sánchez‑Cendra, A., Cassinello, J., Pekarek, T., Fraile‑Martinez, O., García‑Montero, C., Lopez‑Gonzalez, L., Rios‑Parra, A., Álvarez‑Mon, M., Acero, J., Diaz‑Pedrero, R., Ortega, M. A."Emerging histological and serological biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Applications in diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapeutics (Review)". Oncology Reports 50.6 (2023): 213.
Chicago
Pekarek, L., Garrido‑Gil, M. J., Sánchez‑Cendra, A., Cassinello, J., Pekarek, T., Fraile‑Martinez, O., García‑Montero, C., Lopez‑Gonzalez, L., Rios‑Parra, A., Álvarez‑Mon, M., Acero, J., Diaz‑Pedrero, R., Ortega, M. A."Emerging histological and serological biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Applications in diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapeutics (Review)". Oncology Reports 50, no. 6 (2023): 213. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2023.8650
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