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Article

Role of extracellular vesicles as promotors for activation of leukemia‑derived dendritic cell‑mediated antileukemic immune response against AML‑blasts

  • Authors:
    • Lin Li
    • André Görgens
    • Veronika Mussack
    • Elena Pepeldjiyska
    • Anne Sophie Hartz
    • Hazal Aslan
    • Elias Rackl
    • Tobias Baudrexler
    • Andreas Rank
    • Jörg Schmohl
    • Doris Krämer
    • Samir El Andaloussi
    • Michael W. Pfaffl
    • Helga Maria Schmetzer
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Working‑Group: Immune‑Modulation, Medical Department III, University Hospital of Munich, D‑81377 Munich, Germany, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 81417 Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, D‑85354 Freising, Germany, Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), D‑91052 Augsburg, Germany, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of Stuttgart, D‑70176 Stuttgart, Germany, Department of Hematology and Oncology, St.‑Josefs‑Hospital, D‑58097 Hagen, Germany
  • Article Number: 99
    |
    Published online on: June 18, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2025.8932
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Abstract

The transformation of myeloid leukemia blasts into leukemia‑derived dendritic cells (DCleu) is a notable phenomenon. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in modulating physiological and pathological activities, particularly in immune activation. In the present study, EVs were isolated from DC/DCleu culture supernatants derived from healthy (H) donors (n=9) and patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (n=9) using whole blood (WB) samples, both with and without Kit M (granulocyte‑macrophage colony‑stimulating factor and prostaglandin E1). This was followed by T‑cell enriched mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) with Kit M‑treated and untreated WB. To assess the qualitative and quantitative differences in EVs between Kit M‑treated and untreated samples, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence nanoparticle tracking analysis and multiplex bead‑based flow cytometry were employed. The present findings indicate that DC/MLC supernatant‑derived EVs can be successfully identified, quantified and characterized. Furthermore, these EVs exhibit regulatory properties in both H and AML samples. Results showed that a higher number of CD8+ EVs were detected after DC culture compared with before in both H and AML samples. Thrombocyte‑associated EVs (CD41b+, CD42a+ and CD62P+) significantly increased following DC culture in both groups. While low frequencies of progenitor/blast marker (CD133+) associated EVs were detected in H samples before and after DC culture, their frequencies increased after DC culture in AML samples. Additionally, a higher number of CD8+ and CD2+ EVs were observed after MLC culture compared with before in both H and AML samples. Correlation analyses revealed that improved blast lysis in Kit M‑pretreated samples (normalized to control) associated with the presence of EV subtypes associated with T (CD2+), B (CD20+, 24+), and other cell markers (for example, CD31+, CD146+, CD44+ and CD49e+). This comprehensive approach provides insights into the impact of Kit M on DC/DCleu generation and the subsequent activation of immune cells, leading to differences in EV production between H and AML samples.
View Figures

Figure 1

Identification and quantification of
EVs from DC and MLC supernatants in H and AML samples by TEM and
fNTA. (A and B) EVs were prepared by immunoaffinity enrichment
applying Exosome isolation Kits prior to an additional
centrifugation. TEM identifies EVs with typical cup-shaped
appearance in DC (A) and MLC (B) supernatants from H and AML
samples. Scale bars are the same for all images and represent 100
nm. Arrows highlight vesicular structures. (C-F) EV concentrations
in DC (C and D) and MLC (E and F) supernatants obtained from H
(n=4) and AML (n=4) samples were corrected for sample dilution and
normalized to cell counts. Data is given as mean +/- 95% CI.
Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism, version
8.4.3, by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with
Benjamini-Hochberg adjustments for multiple comparisons.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ****P<0.0001. Control without
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and prostaglandin
E1 (compared with Kit M); DC dendritic cells; D0 before DC/MLC
treatment; DE after DC/MLC treatment; M granulocyte-macrophage
colony-stimulating factor and prostaglandin E1; EVs, extracellular
vesicles; DC, dendritic cells; MLC, mixed lymphocyte culture; H,
healthy; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; TEM, transmission electron
microscopy; fNTA, fluorescence Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis.

Figure 2

Quantification and comparison of EV
surface marker expressions in (A) DC and (B) MLC supernatants from
H and AML samples with MBFCM. EVs isolated from DC (A) and MLC (B)
supernatants of H and AML samples were analyzed by MBFCM.
Differences in marker expressions on DC/MLC supernatants derived
EVs from H and AML samples are shown in Violin plot with all
points. For statistical comparison of more than two groups one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Benjamini-Hochberg adjustments
for multiple comparisons was applied. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and
****P<0.0001. EV, extracellular vesicles; DC, dendritic cells;
MLC, mixed lymphocyte culture; H, healthy; AML, acute myeloid
leukemia.

Figure 3

Correlation between cellular markers,
cellular parameters and DC/MLC supernatants derived EVs with values
from Kit M-treated samples normalized to untreated control samples
in both H and patients with AML. Correlation heatmaps in healthy
donor samples (A and C): post-DC culture (H DC, n=9) (A) and
post-MLC culture (H MLC, n=9) (C). Correlation heatmaps in samples
of patient with AML (B and D): post-DC culture (AML DC, n=7) (B)
and post-MLC culture (AML MLC, n=7) (D). ‘Kit M normalized to
control’ refers to EV marker expression levels from Kit M-treated
samples divided by corresponding levels from untreated control
samples to assess Kit M-specific effects. The color gradient
indicates the strength and direction of correlation coefficients
(red=negative; blue=positive), and circle size denotes the
magnitude of correlation. Clinical parameters (age, WBC, Hb, PLT
and IC leukemic cells) are included alongside cellular markers and
EV profiles. The heatmaps highlight potential associations between
EV markers and clinical characteristics under immunomodulatory
conditions. AML, acute myeloid leukemia; H, healthy donors; Hb,
hemoglobin; IC leukemic cells, immune cytologically-detected
leukemic cells; PLT, platelet counts; WBC, white blood cells. DC,
dendritic cells; MLC, mixed lymphocyte culture.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li L, Görgens A, Mussack V, Pepeldjiyska E, Hartz AS, Aslan H, Rackl E, Baudrexler T, Rank A, Schmohl J, Schmohl J, et al: Role of extracellular vesicles as promotors for activation of leukemia‑derived dendritic cell‑mediated antileukemic immune response against AML‑blasts. Oncol Rep 54: 99, 2025.
APA
Li, L., Görgens, A., Mussack, V., Pepeldjiyska, E., Hartz, A.S., Aslan, H. ... Schmetzer, H.M. (2025). Role of extracellular vesicles as promotors for activation of leukemia‑derived dendritic cell‑mediated antileukemic immune response against AML‑blasts. Oncology Reports, 54, 99. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2025.8932
MLA
Li, L., Görgens, A., Mussack, V., Pepeldjiyska, E., Hartz, A. S., Aslan, H., Rackl, E., Baudrexler, T., Rank, A., Schmohl, J., Krämer, D., El Andaloussi, S., Pfaffl, M. W., Schmetzer, H. M."Role of extracellular vesicles as promotors for activation of leukemia‑derived dendritic cell‑mediated antileukemic immune response against AML‑blasts". Oncology Reports 54.2 (2025): 99.
Chicago
Li, L., Görgens, A., Mussack, V., Pepeldjiyska, E., Hartz, A. S., Aslan, H., Rackl, E., Baudrexler, T., Rank, A., Schmohl, J., Krämer, D., El Andaloussi, S., Pfaffl, M. W., Schmetzer, H. M."Role of extracellular vesicles as promotors for activation of leukemia‑derived dendritic cell‑mediated antileukemic immune response against AML‑blasts". Oncology Reports 54, no. 2 (2025): 99. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2025.8932
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li L, Görgens A, Mussack V, Pepeldjiyska E, Hartz AS, Aslan H, Rackl E, Baudrexler T, Rank A, Schmohl J, Schmohl J, et al: Role of extracellular vesicles as promotors for activation of leukemia‑derived dendritic cell‑mediated antileukemic immune response against AML‑blasts. Oncol Rep 54: 99, 2025.
APA
Li, L., Görgens, A., Mussack, V., Pepeldjiyska, E., Hartz, A.S., Aslan, H. ... Schmetzer, H.M. (2025). Role of extracellular vesicles as promotors for activation of leukemia‑derived dendritic cell‑mediated antileukemic immune response against AML‑blasts. Oncology Reports, 54, 99. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2025.8932
MLA
Li, L., Görgens, A., Mussack, V., Pepeldjiyska, E., Hartz, A. S., Aslan, H., Rackl, E., Baudrexler, T., Rank, A., Schmohl, J., Krämer, D., El Andaloussi, S., Pfaffl, M. W., Schmetzer, H. M."Role of extracellular vesicles as promotors for activation of leukemia‑derived dendritic cell‑mediated antileukemic immune response against AML‑blasts". Oncology Reports 54.2 (2025): 99.
Chicago
Li, L., Görgens, A., Mussack, V., Pepeldjiyska, E., Hartz, A. S., Aslan, H., Rackl, E., Baudrexler, T., Rank, A., Schmohl, J., Krämer, D., El Andaloussi, S., Pfaffl, M. W., Schmetzer, H. M."Role of extracellular vesicles as promotors for activation of leukemia‑derived dendritic cell‑mediated antileukemic immune response against AML‑blasts". Oncology Reports 54, no. 2 (2025): 99. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2025.8932
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