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Review Open Access

Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 to overcome targeted therapy resistance in non‑small cell lung cancer: Advances and challenges (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Jianting Du
    • Xian Gong
    • Renjie Huang
    • Bin Zheng
    • Chun Chen
    • Zhang Yang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Du et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 4.0].
  • Article Number: 111
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    Published online on: July 9, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2025.8944
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Abstract

Targeted therapy has markedly improved outcomes for patients with non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the emergence of drug resistance remains a major clinical challenge, limiting long‑term treatment efficacy. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9, a revolutionary gene‑editing technology, offers precise and efficient genetic modifications, providing new insights into the mechanisms of drug resistance in NSCLC. The present review explored the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in overcoming resistance associated with key oncogenic drivers, including EGFR, KRAS, ALK, ROS1, MET and BRAF. It summarized recent advances in CRISPR‑based strategies to reverse resistance, enhance targeted therapy effectiveness and develop potential therapeutic interventions. Additionally, it discussed current limitations, including off‑target effects, delivery challenges and ethical concerns, while highlighting future directions for clinical translation. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology may pave the way for novel, personalized treatment approaches in NSCLC, ultimately improving patient outcome.
View Figures

Figure 1

Genes and pathways in non-small cell
lung cancer targeted drug resistance.

Figure 2

CRISPR-Cas9 system. (A) CRISPR-Cas9
nuclease binds to a gRNA to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. The
gRNA directs Cas9 to a complementary DNA target site, inducing
DSBs. Cellular repair pathways resolve DSBs via NHEJ, which
introduces insertions or deletions (indels), or HDR for
template-dependent precision editing. (B) Catalytically dCas9 is
fused to transcriptional activators (such as VP64 or p65). The
dCas9-activator complex binds to promoter regions via gRNA
targeting, recruiting transcriptional machinery to upregulate gene
expression. (C) dCas9 is fused to transcriptional repressors. The
dCas9-repressor complex blocks transcription initiation or
elongation by sterically hindering RNA polymerase or cofactor
recruitment at promoter targets. (D) dCas9 is fused to a deaminase
enzyme. The deaminase chemically modifies specific DNA bases
without inducing DSBs, enabling precise single-nucleotide editing.
(E) A Cas9 nickase fused to reverse transcriptase binds a pegRNA.
The pegRNA directs nicking of the DNA strand encodes a RT template.
RT synthesizes the edited sequence from the template, enabling
targeted insertions, deletions, or substitutions with minimal
unintended edits. CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short
palindromic repeats; gRNA, guide RNA; DSBs, double-strand breaks;
NHEJ, non-homologous end joining; HDR, homology-directed repair;
CRISPRa, CRISPR activation; dCas9, inactive Cas9; CRISPRi, CRISPR
interference; pegRNA, prime editing guide RNA; RT, reverse
transcriptase.

Figure 3

The applications of the CRISPR/Cas9
system. CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
repeats.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Du J, Gong X, Huang R, Zheng B, Chen C and Yang Z: Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 to overcome targeted therapy resistance in non‑small cell lung cancer: Advances and challenges (Review). Oncol Rep 54: 111, 2025.
APA
Du, J., Gong, X., Huang, R., Zheng, B., Chen, C., & Yang, Z. (2025). Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 to overcome targeted therapy resistance in non‑small cell lung cancer: Advances and challenges (Review). Oncology Reports, 54, 111. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2025.8944
MLA
Du, J., Gong, X., Huang, R., Zheng, B., Chen, C., Yang, Z."Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 to overcome targeted therapy resistance in non‑small cell lung cancer: Advances and challenges (Review)". Oncology Reports 54.3 (2025): 111.
Chicago
Du, J., Gong, X., Huang, R., Zheng, B., Chen, C., Yang, Z."Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 to overcome targeted therapy resistance in non‑small cell lung cancer: Advances and challenges (Review)". Oncology Reports 54, no. 3 (2025): 111. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2025.8944
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Du J, Gong X, Huang R, Zheng B, Chen C and Yang Z: Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 to overcome targeted therapy resistance in non‑small cell lung cancer: Advances and challenges (Review). Oncol Rep 54: 111, 2025.
APA
Du, J., Gong, X., Huang, R., Zheng, B., Chen, C., & Yang, Z. (2025). Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 to overcome targeted therapy resistance in non‑small cell lung cancer: Advances and challenges (Review). Oncology Reports, 54, 111. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2025.8944
MLA
Du, J., Gong, X., Huang, R., Zheng, B., Chen, C., Yang, Z."Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 to overcome targeted therapy resistance in non‑small cell lung cancer: Advances and challenges (Review)". Oncology Reports 54.3 (2025): 111.
Chicago
Du, J., Gong, X., Huang, R., Zheng, B., Chen, C., Yang, Z."Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 to overcome targeted therapy resistance in non‑small cell lung cancer: Advances and challenges (Review)". Oncology Reports 54, no. 3 (2025): 111. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2025.8944
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