Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
April-2026 Volume 55 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2026 Volume 55 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Purchase PDF
Review

Impact of the intratumoral resident microbiome on the immune microenvironment of malignant tumors (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Han Na Oh
    • Hoon Hur
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16499, Republic of Korea
  • Article Number: 66
    |
    Published online on: February 6, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9071
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:


Abstract

Advances in cancer research have highlighted the importance of tumor‑intrinsic factors, including tumor type, immune environment, immunogenicity, metabolic demands and the intratumoral microbiome. Together, these factors have reshaped the current understanding of cancer immunity and systemic therapies, particularly targeted treatments and immune checkpoint inhibitors that act on cancer cells, blood vessels and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Among these, the presence of bacteria within tumors has emerged as a critical modulator of the TME, influencing tumor progression and antitumor responses across various cancer types. With the rapid expansion of cancer immunotherapies, advanced detection and sequencing technologies are increasingly applied to elucidate interactions between intratumoral microbiota and immune cells. The present review focuses on the mechanisms by which tumor bacteria modulate immune responses, supported by validations from in vitro and in vivo studies. The potential of intratumoral microbiota as biomarkers for prognosis and immunotherapy response is also discussed, alongside emerging biotechnological tools for microbiota profiling. By examining the dual roles of intratumoral microbiota in cancer biology, the current review provides a comprehensive overview of their implications and practical applications in cancer‑related research.
View Figures

Figure 1

Illustration portraying the
intratumoral microbiome interacting with immune cells within the
tumor microenvironment. ETBF, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides
fragilis; 4-NQO, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide; ER, estrogen
receptor; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor;
HDAC, histone deacetylase; IL-17R, IL-17 receptor; iNKT, invariant
NK T; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; NK, natural killer;
PD-1, programmed death-1; PR, progesterone receptor; TAN,
tumor-associated neutrophil; TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes;
TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4.

Figure 2

Illustration of how the intratumoral
microbiome can be targeted for cancer therapeutics. TME, tumor
microenvironment.
View References

1 

Force LM, Kocarnik JM, May ML, Bhangdia K, Crist A, Penberthy L, Pritchett N, Acheson A, Deitesfeld L, A A, et al: The global, regional, and national burden of cancer, 1990–2023, with forecasts to 2050: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2023. Lancet. 406:1565–1586. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Liu B, Zhou H, Tan L, Siu KTH and Guan XY: Exploring treatment options in cancer: Tumor treatment strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 9:1752024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Anand U, Dey A, Chandel AKS, Sanyal R, Mishra A, Pandey DK, De Falco V, Upadhyay A, Kandimalla R, Chaudhary A, et al: Cancer chemotherapy and beyond: Current status, drug candidates, associated risks and progress in targeted therapeutics. Genes Dis. 10:1367–1401. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Sun Q, Hong Z, Zhang C, Wang L, Han Z and Ma D: Immune checkpoint therapy for solid tumours: Clinical dilemmas and future trends. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 8:3202023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Wu B, Zhang B, Li B, Wu H and Jiang M: Cold and hot tumors: From molecular mechanisms to targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 9:2742024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Petitprez F, Meylan M, de Reynies A, Sautès-Fridman C and Fridman WH: The tumor microenvironment in the response to immune checkpoint blockade therapies. Front Immunol. 11:7842020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Hatta MNA, Mohamad Hanif EA, Chin SF and Neoh HM: Pathogens and carcinogenesis: A review. Biology (Basel). 10:5332021.PubMed/NCBI

8 

Che S, Yan Z, Feng Y and Zhao H: Unveiling the intratumoral microbiota within cancer landscapes. iScience. 27:1098932024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Wang Q, Zhao L, Han L, Fu G, Tuo X, Ma S, Li Q, Wang Y, Liang D, Tang M, et al: The differential distribution of bacteria between cancerous and noncancerous ovarian tissues in situ. J Ovarian Res. 13:82020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Riquelme E, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Montiel M, Zoltan M, Dong W, Quesada P, Sahin I, Chandra V, San Lucas A, et al: Tumor microbiome diversity and composition influence pancreatic cancer outcomes. Cell. 178:795–806.e12. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Li Y, Chang RB, Stone ML, Delman D, Markowitz K, Xue Y, Coho H, Herrera VM, Li JH, Zhang L, et al: Multimodal immune phenotyping reveals microbial-T cell interactions that shape pancreatic cancer. Cell Rep Med. 5:1013972024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Gao S, Li S, Ma Z, Liang S, Shan T, Zhang M, Zhu X, Zhang P, Liu G, Zhou F, et al: Presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in esophagus and its association with the clinicopathological characteristics and survival in patients with esophageal cancer. Infect Agent Cancer. 11:32016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Pushalkar S, Hundeyin M, Daley D, Zambirinis CP, Kurz E, Mishra A, Mohan N, Aykut B, Usyk M, Torres LE, et al: The pancreatic cancer microbiome promotes oncogenesis by induction of innate and adaptive immune suppression. Cancer Discov. 8:403–416. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Wen L, Mu W, Lu H, Wang X, Fang J, Jia Y, Li Q, Wang D, Wen S, Guo J, et al: Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma progression in an immune microenvironment. J Dent Res. 99:666–675. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Liu CC, Grencewicz D, Chakravarthy K, Li L, Liepold R, Wolf M, Sangwan N, Tzeng A, Hoyd R, Jhawar SR, et al: Breast tumor microbiome regulates anti-tumor immunity and T cell-associated metabolites. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2024.10.29.620864. 2024.

16 

Nejman D, Livyatan I, Fuks G, Gavert N, Zwang Y, Geller LT, Rotter-Maskowitz A, Weiser R, Mallel G, Gigi E, et al: The human tumor microbiome is composed of tumor type-specific intracellular bacteria. Science. 368:973–980. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Kalaora S, Nagler A, Nejman D, Alon M, Barbolin C, Barnea E, Ketelaars SLC, Cheng K, Vervier K, Shental N, et al: Identification of bacteria-derived HLA-bound peptides in melanoma. Nature. 592:138–143. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Chai X, Wang J, Li H, Gao C, Li S, Wei C, Huang J, Tian Y, Yuan J, Lu J, et al: Intratumor microbiome features reveal antitumor potentials of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Gut Microbes. 15:21562552023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Tzeng A, Sangwan N, Jia M, Liu CC, Keslar KS, Downs-Kelly E, Fairchild RL, Al-Hilli Z, Grobmyer SR and Eng C: Human breast microbiome correlates with prognostic features and immunological signatures in breast cancer. Genome Med. 13:602021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Yamamoto S, Kinugasa H, Hirai M, Terasawa H, Yasutomi E, Oka S, Ohmori M, Yamasaki Y, Inokuchi T, Harada K, et al: Heterogeneous distribution of Fusobacterium nucleatum in the progression of colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 36:1869–1876. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Abe S, Masuda A, Matsumoto T, Inoue J, Toyama H, Sakai A, Kobayashi T, Tanaka T, Tsujimae M, Yamakawa K, et al: Impact of intratumoral microbiome on tumor immunity and prognosis in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Gastroenterol. 59:250–262. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Wang G, Wang H, Ji X, Wang T, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Meng L, Wu HJ, Xing X and Ji J: Intratumoral microbiome is associated with gastric cancer prognosis and therapy efficacy. Gut Microbes. 16:23693362024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Li L, He S, Liao B, Wang M, Lin H, Hu B, Lan X, Shu Z, Zhang C, Yu M and Zou Z: Orally administrated hydrogel harnessing intratumoral microbiome and microbiota-related immune responses for potentiated colorectal cancer treatment. Research (Wash D C). 7:03642024.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Peng R, Liu S, You W, Huang Y, Hu C, Gao Y, Jia X, Li G, Xu Z and Chen Y: Gastric microbiome alterations are associated with decreased CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells in the tumor microenvironment of gastric cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 10:1224–1240. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Liao Y, Wu YX, Tang M, Chen YW, Xie JR, Du Y, Wang TM, He YQ, Xue WQ, Zheng XH, et al: Microbes translocation from oral cavity to nasopharyngeal carcinoma in patients. Nat Commun. 15:16452024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Yeo K, Connell J, Bouras G, Smith E, Murphy W, Hodge JC, Krishnan S, Wormald PJ, Valentine R, Psaltis AJ, et al: A comparison between full-length 16S rRNA Oxford nanopore sequencing and Illumina V3-V4 16S rRNA sequencing in head and neck cancer tissues. Arch Microbiol. 206:2482024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Battaglia TW, Mimpen IL, Traets JJH, van Hoeck A, Zeverijn LJ, Geurts BS, de Wit GF, Noë M, Hofland I, Vos JL, et al: A pan-cancer analysis of the microbiome in metastatic cancer. Cell. 187:2324–2335.e19. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Debesa-Tur G, Pérez-Brocal V, Ruiz-Ruiz S, Castillejo A, Latorre A, Soto JL and Moya A: Metagenomic analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor and normal mucosa reveals differences in the microbiome of colorectal cancer patients. Sci Rep. 11:3912021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Sun Y, Gan Z, Wang X, Liu J, Zhong W, Zhang Z, Zuo J, Zhong H, Huang X, Yan Z and Cao Q: Integrative metagenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analysis reveal the microbiota-host interplay in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma among non-smokers. J Transl Med. 22:6522024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Seferbekova Z, Lomakin A, Yates LR and Gerstung M: Spatial biology of cancer evolution. Nat Rev Genet. 24:295–313. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Lyu L, Li X, Feng R, Zhou X, Guha TK, Yu X, Chen GQ, Yao Y, Su B, Zou D, et al: Simultaneous profiling of host expression and microbial abundance by spatial metatranscriptome sequencing. Genome Res. 33:401–411. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Xu H, Leng J, Liu F, Chen T, Qu J, Yang Y, Ning C, Ke X, Xiao B, Zhang Y and Sun L: Tumor microbiota of renal cell carcinoma affects clinical prognosis by influencing the tumor immune microenvironment. Heliyon. 10:e383102024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Gur C, Ibrahim Y, Isaacson B, Yamin R, Abed J, Gamliel M, Enk J, Bar-On Y, Stanietsky-Kaynan N, Coppenhagen-Glazer S, et al: Binding of the Fap2 protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum to human inhibitory receptor TIGIT protects tumors from immune cell attack. Immunity. 42:344–355. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Liu Y, Wong CC, Ding Y, Gao M, Wen J, Lau HC, Cheung AH, Huang D, Huang H and Yu J: Peptostreptococcus anaerobius mediates anti-PD1 therapy resistance and exacerbates colorectal cancer via myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mice. Nat Microbiol. 9:1467–1482. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Singhal N, Kumar M, Kanaujia PK and Virdi JS: MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis. Front Microbiol. 6:7912015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Galeano Niño JL, Wu H, LaCourse KD, Kempchinsky AG, Baryiames A, Barber B, Futran N, Houlton J, Sather C, Sicinska E, et al: Effect of the intratumoral microbiota on spatial and cellular heterogeneity in cancer. Nature. 611:810–817. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Song Y, Peng Y, Qin C, Jiang S, Lin J, Lai S, Wu J, Ding M, Du Y, Yu L and Xu T: Antibiotic use attenuates response to immune checkpoint blockade in urothelial carcinoma via inhibiting CD74-MIF/COPA: Revealing cross-talk between anti-bacterial immunity and ant-itumor immunity. Int J Surg. 111:972–987. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Fukuda K, Ogawa M, Taniguchi H and Saito M: Molecular approaches to studying microbial communities: Targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. J UOEH. 38:223–232. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Liu W, Xu J, Pi Z, Chen Y, Jiang G, Wan Y and Mao W: Untangling the web of intratumor microbiota in lung cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 1878:1890252023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Fu A, Yao B, Dong T, Chen Y, Yao J, Liu Y, Li H, Bai H, Liu X, Zhang Y, et al: Tumor-resident intracellular microbiota promotes metastatic colonization in breast cancer. Cell. 185:1356–1372.e26. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Cullin N, Azevedo Antunes C, Straussman R, Stein-Thoeringer CK and Elinav E: Microbiome and cancer. Cancer Cell. 39:1317–1341. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Kim C, Pongpanich M and Porntaveetus T: Unraveling metagenomics through long-read sequencing: A comprehensive review. J Transl Med. 22:1112024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Oehler JB, Wright H, Stark Z, Mallett AJ and Schmitz U: The application of long-read sequencing in clinical settings. Hum Genomics. 17:732023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Ntekas I, Takayasu L, McKellar DW, Grodner BM, Holdener C, Schweitzer P, Sauthoff M, Shi Q, Brito IL and De Vlaminck I: High resolution spatial mapping of microbiome-host interactions via in situ polyadenylation and spatial RNA sequencing. bioRxiv. 2024.2011.2018.624127. 2024.

45 

Qiao H, Tan XR, Li H, Li JY, Chen XZ, Li YQ, Li WF, Tang LL, Zhou GQ, Zhang Y, et al: Association of intratumoral microbiota with prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma from 2 hospitals in China. JAMA Oncol. 8:1301–1309. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Galeano Niño JL, Ponath F, Ajisafe VA, Becker CR, Kempchinsky AG, Zepeda-Rivera MA, Gomez JA, Wu H, Terrazas JG, Bouzek H, et al: Tumor-infiltrating bacteria disrupt cancer epithelial cell interactions and induce cell-cycle arrest. Cancer Cell. 44:166–186.e16. 2026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Bullman S: INVADEseq to study the intratumoural microbiota at host single-cell resolution. Nat Rev Cancer. 23:1892023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Robinson W, Stone JK, Schischlik F, Gasmi B, Kelly MC, Seibert C, Dadkhah K, Gertz EM, Lee JS, Zhu K, et al: Identification of intracellular bacteria from multiple single-cell RNA-seq platforms using CSI-microbes. Sci Adv. 10:eadj74022024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Chung L, Thiele Orberg E, Geis AL, Chan JL, Fu K, DeStefano Shields CE, Dejea CM, Fathi P, Chen J, Finard BB, et al: Bacteroides fragilis toxin coordinates a pro-carcinogenic inflammatory cascade via targeting of colonic epithelial cells. Cell Host Microbe. 23:203–214.e5. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Wang X, Fang Y, Liang W, Wong CC, Qin H, Gao Y, Liang M, Song L, Zhang Y, Fan M, et al: Fusobacterium nucleatum facilitates anti-PD-1 therapy in microsatellite stable colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell. 42:1729–1746.e8. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Lattanzi G, Strati F, Díaz-Basabe A, Perillo F, Amoroso C, Protti G, Rita Giuffrè M, Iachini L, Baeri A, Baldari L, et al: iNKT cell-neutrophil crosstalk promotes colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Mucosal Immunol. 16:326–340. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Wang X, Jia Y, Wen L, Mu W, Wu X, Liu T, Liu X, Fang J, Luan Y, Chen P, et al: Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes colorectal carcinoma by activating the hematopoietic NLRP3 inflammasome. Cancer Res. 81:2745–2759. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Li Q, Wu W, Gong D, Shang R, Wang J and Yu H: Propionibacterium acnes overabundance in gastric cancer promote M2 polarization of macrophages via a TLR4/PI3K/Akt signaling. Gastric Cancer. 24:1242–1253. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Nie F, Zhang J, Tian H, Zhao J, Gong P, Wang H, Wang S, Yang P and Yang C: The role of CXCL2-mediated crosstalk between tumor cells and macrophages in Fusobacterium nucleatum-promoted oral squamous cell carcinoma progression. Cell Death Dis. 15:2772024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Tan Q, Ma X, Yang B, Liu Y, Xie Y, Wang X, Yuan W and Ma J: Periodontitis pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes pancreatic tumorigenesis via neutrophil elastase from tumor-associated neutrophils. Gut Microbes. 14:20737852022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Amieva M and Peek RM Jr: Pathobiology of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer. Gastroenterology. 150:64–78. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Guo Y, Cao XS, Zhou MG and Yu B: Gastric microbiota in gastric cancer: Different roles of Helicobacter pylori and other microbes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 12:11058112023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Zeng R, Gou H, Lau HCH and Yu J: Stomach microbiota in gastric cancer development and clinical implications. Gut. 73:2062–2073. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Ding M, Zhang T, Li S, Zhang Y, Qiu Y and Zhang B: Correlation analysis between liver metastasis and serum levels of miR-200 and miR-141 in patients with colorectal cancer. Mol Med Rep. 16:7791–7795. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Yu G, Torres J, Hu N, Medrano-Guzman R, Herrera-Goepfert R, Humphrys MS, Wang L, Wang C, Ding T, Ravel J, et al: Molecular characterization of the human stomach microbiota in gastric cancer patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 7:3022017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Liu X, Shao L, Liu X, Ji F, Mei Y, Cheng Y, Liu F, Yan C, Li L and Ling Z: Alterations of gastric mucosal microbiota across different stomach microhabitats in a cohort of 276 patients with gastric cancer. EBioMedicine. 40:336–348. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Zhang T, Li Y, Zhai E, Zhao R, Qian Y, Huang Z, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Xu X, Liu J, et al: Intratumoral Fusobacterium nucleatum recruits tumor-associated neutrophils to promote gastric cancer progression and immune evasion. Cancer Res. 85:1819–1841. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Fu K, Cheung AHK, Wong CC, Liu W, Zhou Y, Wang F, Huang P, Yuan K, Coker OO, Pan Y, et al: Streptococcus anginosus promotes gastric inflammation, atrophy, and tumorigenesis in mice. Cell. 187:882–896.e17. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Yuan L, Pan L, Wang Y, Zhao J, Fang L, Zhou Y, Xia R, Ma Y, Jiang Z, Xu Z, et al: Characterization of the landscape of the intratumoral microbiota reveals that Streptococcus anginosus increases the risk of gastric cancer initiation and progression. Cell Discov. 10:1172024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Neurath MF, Artis D and Becker C: The intestinal barrier: A pivotal role in health, inflammation, and cancer. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 10:573–592. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Yang L, Li A, Wang Y and Zhang Y: Intratumoral microbiota: Roles in cancer initiation, development and therapeutic efficacy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 8:352023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Zitvogel L, Galluzzi L, Viaud S, Vétizou M, Daillère R, Merad M and Kroemer G: Cancer and the gut microbiota: An unexpected link. Sci Transl Med. 7:271ps12015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Man SM, Zhu Q, Zhu L, Liu Z, Karki R, Malik A, Sharma D, Li L, Malireddi RK, Gurung P, et al: Critical role for the DNA sensor AIM2 in stem cell proliferation and cancer. Cell. 162:45–58. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Okuda S, Shimada Y, Tajima Y, Yuza K, Hirose Y, Ichikawa H, Nagahashi M, Sakata J, Ling Y, Miura N, et al: Profiling of host genetic alterations and intra-tumor microbiomes in colorectal cancer. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 19:3330–3338. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Guan X, Bu F, Fu Y, Zhang H, Xiang H, Chen X, Chen T, Wu X, Wu K, Liu L and Dong X: Immunogenic peptides putatively from intratumor microbes: Opportunities for colorectal cancer treatment. iScience. 27:1113382024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Gu J, Xu X, Li X, Yue L, Zhu X, Chen Q, Gao J, Takashi M, Zhao W, Zhao B, et al: Tumor-resident microbiota contributes to colorectal cancer liver metastasis by lactylation and immune modulation. Oncogene. 43:2389–2404. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Bertocchi A, Carloni S, Ravenda PS, Bertalot G, Spadoni I, Lo Cascio A, Gandini S, Lizier M, Braga D, Asnicar F, et al: Gut vascular barrier impairment leads to intestinal bacteria dissemination and colorectal cancer metastasis to liver. Cancer Cell. 39:708–724.e11. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Shi Y, Zheng W, Yang K, Harris KG, Ni K, Xue L, Lin W, Chang EB, Weichselbaum RR and Fu YX: Intratumoral accumulation of gut microbiota facilitates CD47-based immunotherapy via STING signaling. J Exp Med. 217:e201922822020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Xie M, Yuan K, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Gao J, Wei W, Jiang L, Li T, Ding Y, et al: Tumor-resident probiotic Clostridium butyricum improves aPD-1 efficacy in colorectal cancer models by inhibiting IL-6-mediated immunosuppression. Cancer Cell. 43:1885–1901.e10. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Hu JX, Zhao CF, Chen WB, Liu QC, Li QW, Lin YY and Gao F: Pancreatic cancer: A review of epidemiology, trend, and risk factors. World J Gastroenterol. 27:4298–4321. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Geller LT, Barzily-Rokni M, Danino T, Jonas OH, Shental N, Nejman D, Gavert N, Zwang Y, Cooper ZA, Shee K, et al: Potential role of intratumor bacteria in mediating tumor resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine. Science. 357:1156–1160. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Ghaddar B, Biswas A, Harris C, Omary MB, Carpizo DR, Blaser MJ and De S: Tumor microbiome links cellular programs and immunity in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell. 40:1240–1253.e5. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Han ZY, Fu ZJ, Wang YZ, Zhang C, Chen QW, An JX and Zhang XZ: Probiotics functionalized with a gallium-polyphenol network modulate the intratumor microbiota and promote anti-tumor immune responses in pancreatic cancer. Nat Commun. 15:70962024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Chiang HC, Hughes M and Chang WL: The role of microbiota in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A review of the literature. Thorac Cancer. 14:2821–2829. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Yang W, Chen CH, Jia M, Xing X, Gao L, Tsai HT, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zeng B, Yeung SJ, et al: Tumor-associated microbiota in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol. 9:6412702021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Greathouse KL, Stone JK, Vargas AJ, Choudhury A, Padgett RN, White JR, Jung A and Harris CC: Co-enrichment of cancer-associated bacterial taxa is correlated with immune cell infiltrates in esophageal tumor tissue. Sci Rep. 14:25742024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Yamamura K, Baba Y, Nakagawa S, Mima K, Miyake K, Nakamura K, Sawayama H, Kinoshita K, Ishimoto T, Iwatsuki M, et al: Human microbiome Fusobacterium nucleatum in esophageal cancer tissue is associated with prognosis. Clin Cancer Res. 22:5574–5581. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Yamamura K, Izumi D, Kandimalla R, Sonohara F, Baba Y, Yoshida N, Kodera Y, Baba H and Goel A: Intratumoral Fusobacterium nucleatum levels predict therapeutic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 25:6170–6179. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Gao S, Liu Y, Duan X, Liu K, Mohammed M, Gu Z, Ren J, Yakoumatos L, Yuan X, Lu L, et al: Porphyromonas gingivalis infection exacerbates oesophageal cancer and promotes resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Br J Cancer. 125:433–444. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Wu H, Leng X, Liu Q, Mao T, Jiang T, Liu Y, Li F, Cao C, Fan J, Chen L, et al: Intratumoral microbiota composition regulates chemoimmunotherapy response in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 83:3131–3144. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Smith A, Pierre JF, Makowski L, Tolley E, Lyn-Cook B, Lu L, Vidal G and Starlard-Davenport A: Distinct microbial communities that differ by race, stage, or breast-tumor subtype in breast tissues of non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White women. Sci Rep. 9:119402019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Wang H, Rong X, Zhao G, Zhou Y, Xiao Y, Ma D, Jin X, Wu Y, Yan Y, Yang H, et al: The microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide promotes antitumor immunity in triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Metab. 34:581–594.e8. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Laborda-Illanes A, Aranega-Martín L, Sánchez-Alcoholado L, Boutriq S, Plaza-Andrades I, Peralta-Linero J, Garrido Ruiz G, Pajares-Hachero B, Álvarez M, Alba E, et al: Exploring the relationship between MicroRNAs, intratumoral microbiota, and breast cancer progression in patients with and without metastasis. Int J Mol Sci. 25:70912024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Parhi L, Alon-Maimon T, Sol A, Nejman D, Shhadeh A, Fainsod-Levi T, Yajuk O, Isaacson B, Abed J, Maalouf N, et al: Breast cancer colonization by Fusobacterium nucleatum accelerates tumor growth and metastatic progression. Nat Commun. 11:32592020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Cao Y, Xia H, Tan X, Shi C, Ma Y, Meng D, Zhou M, Lv Z, Wang S and Jin Y: Intratumoural microbiota: A new frontier in cancer development and therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 9:152024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Mao Q, Jiang F, Yin R, Wang J, Xia W, Dong G, Ma W, Yang Y, Xu L and Hu J: Interplay between the lung microbiome and lung cancer. Cancer Lett. 415:40–48. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Yu G, Gail MH, Consonni D, Carugno M, Humphrys M, Pesatori AC, Caporaso NE, Goedert JJ, Ravel J and Landi MT: Characterizing human lung tissue microbiota and its relationship to epidemiological and clinical features. Genome Biol. 17:1632016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Gomes S, Cavadas B, Ferreira JC, Marques PI, Monteiro C, Sucena M, Sousa C, Vaz Rodrigues L, Teixeira G, Pinto P, et al: Profiling of lung microbiota discloses differences in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep. 9:128382019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Zhang M, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wang S, Liang H and Han Y: Intratumoral microbiota impacts the first-line treatment efficacy and survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients free of lung infection. J Healthc Eng. 2022:54668532022.PubMed/NCBI

95 

Wong-Rolle A, Dong Q, Zhu Y, Divakar P, Hor JL, Kedei N, Wong M, Tillo D, Conner EA, Rajan A, et al: Spatial meta-transcriptomics reveal associations of intratumor bacteria burden with lung cancer cells showing a distinct oncogenic signature. J Immunother Cancer. 10:e0046982022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Elkrief A, Montesion M, Sivakumar S, Hale C, Bowman AS, Begüm Bektaş A, Bradic M, Kang W, Chan E, Gogia P, et al: Intratumoral escherichia is associated with improved survival to single-agent immune checkpoint inhibition in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 42:3339–3349. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Zhu G, Su H, Johnson CH, Khan SA, Kluger H and Lu L: Intratumour microbiome associated with the infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and patient survival in cutaneous melanoma. Eur J Cancer. 151:25–34. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Irfan M, Delgado RZR and Frias-Lopez J: The oral microbiome and cancer. Front Immunol. 11:5910882020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Panebianco C, Andriulli A and Pazienza V: Pharmacomicrobiomics: Exploiting the drug-microbiota interactions in anticancer therapies. Microbiome. 6:922018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Lehouritis P, Cummins J, Stanton M, Murphy CT, McCarthy FO, Reid G, Urbaniak C, Byrne WL and Tangney M: Local bacteria affect the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Sci Rep. 5:145542015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

101 

Boesch M, Baty F, Albrich WC, Flatz L, Rodriguez R, Rothschild SI, Joerger M, Früh M and Brutsche MH: Local tumor microbial signatures and response to checkpoint blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncoimmunology. 10:19884032021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Zheng J and Chen H: Effects of intratumoral microbiota on tumorigenesis, anti-tumor immunity, and microbe-based cancer therapy. Front Oncol. 14:14297222024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

103 

Chen J, Li T, Liang J, Huang Q, Huang JD, Ke Y and Sun H: Current status of intratumour microbiome in cancer and engineered exogenous microbiota as a promising therapeutic strategy. Biomed Pharmacother. 145:1124432022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Ijaz M, Hasan I, Chaudhry TH, Huang R, Zhang L, Hu Z, Tan Q and Guo B: Bacterial derivatives mediated drug delivery in cancer therapy: A new generation strategy. J Nanobiotechnology. 22:5102024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Shen H, Zhang C, Li S, Liang Y, Lee LT, Aggarwal N, Wun KS, Liu J, Nadarajan SP, Weng C, et al: Prodrug-conjugated tumor-seeking commensals for targeted cancer therapy. Nat Commun. 15:43432024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Goto Y, Iwata S, Miyahara M and Miyako E: Discovery of intratumoral oncolytic bacteria toward targeted anticancer theranostics. Adv Sci (Weinh). 10:23016792023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Zheng DW, Li RQ, An JX, Xie TQ, Han ZY, Xu R, Fang Y and Zhang XZ: Prebiotics-encapsulated probiotic spores regulate gut microbiota and suppress colon cancer. Adv Mater. 32:e20045292020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Li M, Li T, Liu Y, Han D, Wu S and Gong J: Dual-targeted biomimetic hybrid nanovesicles for tumor microenvironment reprogramming and intratumoral bacteria eradication in triple-negative breast cancer. Adv Funct Mater. 36:e106952026. View Article : Google Scholar

109 

Xu W, Hao X, Tang Y, Peng Y, Liu X, Zhou M, Han R, Wu J and Xiang D: Inflammation-driven doxycycline-glucose oxidase nanoparticle induce starvation-/chemodynamic-/immunotherapy against intratumoral bacteria-assisted tumor development. Adv Funct Mater. 35:24221962025. View Article : Google Scholar

110 

Geng S, Guo P, Li X, Shi Y, Wang J, Cao M, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Li A, Song H, et al: Biomimetic nanovehicle-enabled targeted depletion of intratumoral Fusobacterium nucleatum synergizes with PD-L1 blockade against breast cancer. ACS Nano. 18:8971–8987. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Chen L, Kang Z, Shen J, Zhao R, Miao Y, Zhang L, Zheng Z, Zhang Z, Liu N, Wang C, et al: An emerging antibacterial nanovaccine for enhanced chemotherapy by selectively eliminating tumor-colonizing bacteria. Sci Bull (Beijing). 69:2565–2579. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Wang C, Zhong L, Xu J, Zhuang Q, Gong F, Chen X, Tao H, Hu C, Huang F, Yang N, et al: Oncolytic mineralized bacteria as potent locally administered immunotherapeutics. Nat Biomed Eng. 8:561–578. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

113 

Liu X, Sun M, Pu F, Ren J and Qu X: Transforming intratumor bacteria into immunopotentiators to reverse cold tumors for enhanced immuno-chemodynamic therapy of triple-negative breast cancer. J Am Chem Soc. 145:26296–26307. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Zhang J, Wan S, Zhou H, Du J, Li Y, Zhu H, Weng L, Ding X and Wang L: Programmed nanocloak of commensal bacteria-derived nanovesicles amplify strong immunoreactivity against tumor growth and metastatic progression. ACS Nano. 18:9613–9626. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • Purchase
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Oh HN and Hur H: Impact of the intratumoral resident microbiome on the immune microenvironment of malignant tumors (Review). Oncol Rep 55: 66, 2026.
APA
Oh, H.N., & Hur, H. (2026). Impact of the intratumoral resident microbiome on the immune microenvironment of malignant tumors (Review). Oncology Reports, 55, 66. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9071
MLA
Oh, H. N., Hur, H."Impact of the intratumoral resident microbiome on the immune microenvironment of malignant tumors (Review)". Oncology Reports 55.4 (2026): 66.
Chicago
Oh, H. N., Hur, H."Impact of the intratumoral resident microbiome on the immune microenvironment of malignant tumors (Review)". Oncology Reports 55, no. 4 (2026): 66. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9071
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Oh HN and Hur H: Impact of the intratumoral resident microbiome on the immune microenvironment of malignant tumors (Review). Oncol Rep 55: 66, 2026.
APA
Oh, H.N., & Hur, H. (2026). Impact of the intratumoral resident microbiome on the immune microenvironment of malignant tumors (Review). Oncology Reports, 55, 66. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9071
MLA
Oh, H. N., Hur, H."Impact of the intratumoral resident microbiome on the immune microenvironment of malignant tumors (Review)". Oncology Reports 55.4 (2026): 66.
Chicago
Oh, H. N., Hur, H."Impact of the intratumoral resident microbiome on the immune microenvironment of malignant tumors (Review)". Oncology Reports 55, no. 4 (2026): 66. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9071
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team