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E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF40: Structure, function and its context‑dependent roles in tumorigenesis (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Zikun Wu
    • Hang Yang
    • Guanglong Chen
    • Weijie Zhao
    • Banghe Bao
    • Chai Luv
    • Wenpu Zhu
    • Faqiang Liu
    • Huihan Ai
    • Zhi Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 121
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    Published online on: April 28, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9126
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Abstract

The ubiquitin‑proteasome system, a key protein degradation machinery in humans, mediates substrate recognition and proteolysis through ubiquitin‑tagged targeting of macromolecular proteins to the 26S proteasome. This evolutionarily conserved system orchestrates fundamental cell processes, including cell cycle progression, DNA damage repair, immune regulation, signal transduction and clearance of misfolded proteins. Its functional integrity is involved in the pathogenesis of various malignancies (breast and small cell lung cancer and colorectal adenocarcinoma) and degenerative diseases (Parkinson's disease). As a really interesting new gene‑type E3 ubiquitin ligase, ring finger protein (RNF)40 has emerged as a key regulator of both physiological homeostasis and disease progression. The present review systematically examines RNF40 structural architecture and its multifaceted roles in ubiquitination‑dependent proteostasis, epigenetic modulation and DNA repair mechanisms, as well as its tumor‑specific regulatory networks across cancer subtypes and therapeutic potential as a novel drug target.
View Figures

Figure 1

Protein structure of RNF40 and the
functions of its domains. (A) The C-terminal CC and RING domains
form an integrated ubiquitination platform. (B) The N-terminal
segment (residues 627–720) binds the DBD of p53 at arginine 282,
stabilizing p53 tetramerization and enhancing the transactivation
of proapoptotic target genes such as BAX and PUMA. (C) The CC
domain specifically recognizes a conserved LIMA1 motif, initiating
K48-linked ubiquitination of LIMA1 and targeting it for 26S
proteasome degradation. (D) This domain facilitates ubiquitination
by promoting E2 enzyme binding. (E) RNF20/40-mediated
monoubiquitination of eEF1BδL promotes its accumulation at heat
shock element containing promoters, thereby enhancing transcription
of heat shock response genes. Created in BioRender.com. RNF, ring
finger protein; RING, really interesting new gene; CC, coiled-coil;
WAC, WW domain-containing adaptor protein with coiled-coil; H2B,
histone H2B; Ub, ubiquitin; RAD6, radiation sensitive 6; DDB,
damage-specific DNA binding protein 1; PUMA, p53 upregulated
modulator of apoptosis; LIMA, LIM domain and actin-binding protein
1; eEF1BδL, eukaryotic elongation factor 1B δ-like.

Figure 2

Expression levels of ring finger
protein 40 in tumor and adjacent normal tissues. Red, high
expression; blue, low expression; black, no significant difference.
Data were obtained from the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive
Analysis 3 database. ACC, adrenocortical carcinoma; BLCA, bladder
urothelial carcinoma; BRCA, breast invasive carcinoma; CESC,
cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma;
CHOL, cholangiocarcinoma; COAD, colon adenocarcinoma; DLBC, diffuse
large B-cell lymphoma; ESCA, esophageal carcinoma; GBM,
glioblastoma; HNSC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; KICH,
kidney chromophobe; KIRC, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; KIRP,
kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma; LAML, acute myeloid
leukemia; LGG, brain lower grade glioma; LIHC, liver hepatocellular
carcinoma; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC, lung squamous cell
carcinoma; MESO, mesothelioma; OV, ovarian serous
cystadenocarcinoma; PAAD, pancreatic adenocarcinoma; PCPG,
pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma; PRAD, prostate adenocarcinoma;
READ, rectum adenocarcinoma; SARC, sarcoma; SKCM, skin cutaneous
melanoma; STAD, stomach adenocarcinoma; TGCT, testicular germ cell
tumors; THCA, thyroid carcinoma; THYM, thymoma; UCEC, uterine
corpus endometrial carcinoma; UCS, uterine carcinosarcoma; UVM,
uveal melanoma.

Figure 3

Epigenetic function of RNF40. (A)
RNF40 expression and its downstream effects on STX1 and serotonin
signaling may influence the therapeutic action of risperidone. (B)
In osteoblasts, RNF20/RNF40 promote H2Bub1, which facilitates
COMPASS-mediated deposition of H3K4me2/3. This epigenetic
regulation controls the expression of genes such as Tnfsf11 and
modulates vitamin D signaling, thereby promoting osteoblast
proliferation and cell cycle progression (G1, S, and G2-M phases).
(C) In osteosarcoma, RNF40 promotes tumor growth by suppressing H2A
ubiquitination. This oncogenic mechanism involves ALKBH5, which is
overexpressed in osteosarcoma and reduces m6A methylation, thereby
upregulating RNF40 expression. Created in BioRender.com. RNF40,
ring finger protein 40; H2Bub1, histone H2B K120
monoubiquitination; Eg5, kinesin-5; ALKBH5, alkylation repair
homolog protein 5; si, small interfering; STX, syntaxin; COMPASS,
complex of Proteins Associated with Set1; Me, methylation; Tnfs11,
tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11; vitD, vitamin
D.

Figure 4

RNF40 ubiquitination regulates lipid
and glucose metabolism. (A) RNF40 mediates polyubiquitination and
degradation of LIMA1 via the UPS, reducing cellular lipid content.
(B) In BLBC, RNF40 enhances glycolytic flux and malignant
progression by sustaining H2Bub1 at glycolysis-related genes (e.g.,
HK2, LDHA). (C) RNF40 suppresses pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and
inflammation while ameliorating hyperglycemia via VDR activation.
(D) In hypertension-related pathologies, RNF40 promotes K48-linked
polyubiquitination and degradation of Parkin, thereby inhibiting
mitophagy and exacerbating hypertension-induced cerebrovascular
endothelial barrier dysfunction. Created in BioRender.com. RNF40,
ring finger protein 40; LIMA1, LIM domain and actin-binding protein
1; Ub, ubiquitin; H2Bub1, histone H2B K120 monoubiquitination; HK2,
hexokinase 2; LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A; vitD, vitamin D; VDR,
vitamin D receptor.

Figure 5

RNF40 maintains the pro-inflammatory
tumor microenvironment, regulates the occurrence of IBD and
promotes CRC by enhancing NF-κB nuclear translocation and
upregulating cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF. Created in
BioRender.com. RNF40, ring finger protein 40; IBD, inflammatory
bowel disease; CRC, colorectal cancer; VDR, vitamin D receptor;
RTF1, RNA polymerase II complex component; Th, T helper.

Figure 6

(A) RNF40 forms a HECT-type E3
ubiquitin ligase complex with DDB1, SMU1, and CUL7. This complex
enhances the stability of H2Bub1 and helps maintain spindle
dynamics during mitosis. (B-C) In response to DSBs, ATM kinase and
NBS1 recruit RNF40 to the damaged sites, leading to increased local
H2Bub1 deposition. This modification promotes SNF2H-dependent
chromatin decondensation, which facilitates physical access of DNA
repair proteins to the lesion and activates both HR and NHEJ. At
DSBs, RNF40 cooperates with p53 to promote transcriptional
elongation of the p21 gene. RNF40 contributes to the identification
and recruitment of p53, which in turn transactivates downstream
targets including BRCA1, RAD51, and p21, thereby coordinating DNA
repair with cell-cycle regulation. Created in BioRender.com. RNF40,
ring finger protein 40; DSB, DNA double-strand break; ATM, ataxia
telangiectasia mutated; NBS1, nijmegen breakage syndrome 1; H2Bub1,
histone H2B K120 monoubiquitination; HR, homologous recombination;
NHEJ, non-homologous end joining; HECT, homologous to the E6-AP
carboxyl terminus; DDB1, damage-specific DNA binding protein 1;
SMU1, suppressor of mec-8 and unc-52 homologs; Cul7, cullin 7;
SNF2H, sucrose non-fermenting protein 2 homolog; RAD51, radiation
sensitive 51.

Figure 7

RNF40 promotes or suppress
tumorigenesis through distinct mechanisms. Upregulation of RNF40
promotes the progression of ALL, luminal-type BC and CRC, and
enhances the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in GC by regulating
IMP2. Conversely, downregulation of RNF40 promotes prostate cancer
progression via H2Bub1 and facilitates the progression of BLBC
through glycolysis-related genes (HK2, LDHA), while inhibiting the
progression of both BLBC and CCOC via the NF-κB signaling pathway.
Created in BioRender.com. RNF40, ring finger protein 40; BC, breast
cancer; BLBC, basal-like BC; siRNA, small interfering RNA; H2Bub1,
histone H2B K120 monoubiquitination; Eg5, kinesin-5; ER, estrogen
receptor; Ub, ubiquitin; MCL1, myeloid Cell Leukemia 1; CRC,
colorectal cancer; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; DSB, DNA
double-strand break; GC, gastric cancer; HK2, hexokinase 2; LDHA,
lactate dehydrogenase A; CCOC, Clear cell ovarian cancer, IMP2,
insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2; PD-1,
programmed cell death protein 1TME, tumor microenvironment.

Figure 8

Roles of RNF40 in BC, CRC, ALL, GC,
cervical cancer and LC and its impact on treatment. In BLBC,
decreased H2Bub1 levels promote BC cell stemness. In luminal-type
tumors, RNF20/RNF40 promotes BC cell survival. RNF40 promotes the
progression of CRC. Created in BioRender.com. BLBC, basal-like
breast cancer; H2Bub1, histone H2B K120 monoubiquitination; RNF,
ring finger protein; CRC, colorectal cancer; ALL, acute
lymphoblastic leukemia; WAC, WW domain-containing adapter protein
with coiled-coil; GC, gastric cancer; USP, ubiquitin-specific
protease; Ub, ubiquitin; IMP2, insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA
binding protein 2; Wee1, Wee-like protein kinase; DSB, DNA
double-strand break; SCLC, small cell lung cancer.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wu Z, Yang H, Chen G, Zhao W, Bao B, Luv C, Zhu W, Liu F, Ai H, Li Z, Li Z, et al: E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF40: Structure, function and its context‑dependent roles in tumorigenesis (Review). Oncol Rep 55: 121, 2026.
APA
Wu, Z., Yang, H., Chen, G., Zhao, W., Bao, B., Luv, C. ... Li, Z. (2026). E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF40: Structure, function and its context‑dependent roles in tumorigenesis (Review). Oncology Reports, 55, 121. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9126
MLA
Wu, Z., Yang, H., Chen, G., Zhao, W., Bao, B., Luv, C., Zhu, W., Liu, F., Ai, H., Li, Z."E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF40: Structure, function and its context‑dependent roles in tumorigenesis (Review)". Oncology Reports 55.6 (2026): 121.
Chicago
Wu, Z., Yang, H., Chen, G., Zhao, W., Bao, B., Luv, C., Zhu, W., Liu, F., Ai, H., Li, Z."E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF40: Structure, function and its context‑dependent roles in tumorigenesis (Review)". Oncology Reports 55, no. 6 (2026): 121. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9126
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wu Z, Yang H, Chen G, Zhao W, Bao B, Luv C, Zhu W, Liu F, Ai H, Li Z, Li Z, et al: E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF40: Structure, function and its context‑dependent roles in tumorigenesis (Review). Oncol Rep 55: 121, 2026.
APA
Wu, Z., Yang, H., Chen, G., Zhao, W., Bao, B., Luv, C. ... Li, Z. (2026). E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF40: Structure, function and its context‑dependent roles in tumorigenesis (Review). Oncology Reports, 55, 121. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9126
MLA
Wu, Z., Yang, H., Chen, G., Zhao, W., Bao, B., Luv, C., Zhu, W., Liu, F., Ai, H., Li, Z."E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF40: Structure, function and its context‑dependent roles in tumorigenesis (Review)". Oncology Reports 55.6 (2026): 121.
Chicago
Wu, Z., Yang, H., Chen, G., Zhao, W., Bao, B., Luv, C., Zhu, W., Liu, F., Ai, H., Li, Z."E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF40: Structure, function and its context‑dependent roles in tumorigenesis (Review)". Oncology Reports 55, no. 6 (2026): 121. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2026.9126
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