Role of laparoscopic simulators in the development and assessment of laparoscopic surgical skills in laparoscopic surgery and gynecology (Review)

Varras,Michail; Nikiteas,Nikolaos; Varra,Viktoria‑Konstantina; Varra,Fani‑Niki; Georgiou,Evangelos; Loukas,Constantinos

doi:10.3892/wasj.2020.41

Role of laparoscopic simulators in the development and assessment of laparoscopic surgical skills in laparoscopic surgery and gynecology (Review)

Authors:
- Michail Varras
- Nikolaos Nikiteas
- Viktoria‑Konstantina Varra
- Fani‑Niki Varra
- Evangelos Georgiou
- Constantinos Loukas
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Affiliations: Fifth Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ‘Elena Venizelou’ General Maternity Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece, Second Department of Propaedeutic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece, Department of Pharmacy, Frederick University, 1036 Nicosia, Cyprus, Medical Physics Laboratory Simulation Centre, School of Medicine, Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
Published online on: March 17, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2020.41
Pages: 65-76
Copyright: © Varras et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

The aim of the present review article was to provide an overview of the evaluation and capability of the different types of laparoscopic simulators in the application of training in laparoscopic gynecological surgery. The literature suggests that the acquisition of surgical psychomotor skills is best achieved in a simulated laboratory outside of the live operating environment. The present review article includes scientific publications on current laparoscopic gynecological simulators, including laparoscopic box trainers, laparoscopic virtual reality simulators, animal models, human cadavers and lightly embalmed human cadavers. At present, controversy exists as to the superiority of virtual reality simulators over laparoscopic box trainers on the transferability and development of minimally invasive surgical skills for the justification of their increased cost. The present review article covers the role of simulation‑based surgical education in the development and assessment of the appropriated surgical skills for laparoscopic gynecological procedures. Within the surgical curriculum, the tertiary laparoscopic training hospitals should include surgical simulation‑based programs for laparoscopic training to gynecologists outside the live operation rooms under appropriate supervision.

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