Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
World Academy of Sciences Journal
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2632-2900 Online ISSN: 2632-2919
Journal Cover
September-October 2020 Volume 2 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-October 2020 Volume 2 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

COVID‑19 pandemic: Understanding the emergence, pathogenesis and containment (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Mohammad K. Parvez
    • Rajesh M. Jagirdar
    • Ram S. Purty
    • Suresh K.s. Venkata
    • Vishal Agrawal
    • Jitendra Kumar
    • Neeraj Tiwari
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41110, Greece, University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, New Delhi 110078, India, Navipointgenomics India Private Limited, Mysore, Karnataka 570006, India, Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada, Pfizer Clinical Research Unit, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
    Copyright: © Parvez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 18
    |
    Published online on: July 8, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2020.59
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The ongoing crisis of the novel SARS‑CoV‑2 disease (COVID‑19) has forced several countries to resort to extreme public health measures at a level never encountered in the past century. Originating in Wuhan, China, this is the third highly pathogenic coronavirus (CoV) following SARS‑CoV‑1 and MERS‑CoV. As of June 20, 2020, >8.6 million of the world population were infected with SARS‑COV‑2, and almost 0.46 million individuals have succumbed to the disease. After 6 months of the outbreak, the understanding of the pathobiology and epidemiology of COVID‑19, as well as clinical management strategies have increased substantially. The phylogenetic analysis of SARS‑CoV‑2, exhibiting close similarity (~96%) with bat SARS‑like CoV has indicated its zoonosis in bats. The human‑to‑human transmission of COVID‑19 has been confirmed through multiple modes, such as nasal droplets, oral mucus, aerosols and fomites. SARS‑CoV‑2 has an incubation period of 2‑14 days with symptoms of fever, cough and breathlessness, which may manifest from mild pneumonia to severe illness and death. Currently, RT‑PCR and antibody‑based test kits are being used for the identification of infected individuals. Owing to the lack of specific available treatments, several repurposed drugs and new vaccine candidates are currently undergoing phase I/II clinical trials and are expected to be available to the public as soon as possible. Nonetheless, it is imperative for world bodies to unite in combating this pandemic by developing cost‑effective kits and therapeutics, and making them available to resource‑poor countries.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

World Health Organization (WHO): Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. Accessed June 20, 2020.

2 

Parvez MK: Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases: Controls and preventions. In: Microbial pathogens and strategies for combating them science, technology and education. Méndez-Vilas A (ed). Formatex Research Center, Badajoz, 2013.

3 

Parvez MK and Parveen S: Evolution and emergence of pathogenic viruses: Past, present, and future. Intervirology. 60:1–7. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Wever PC and van Bergen L: Death from 1918 pandemic influenza during the first world war: A perspective from personal and anecdotal evidence. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 8:538–546. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV): Virus taxonomy: The classification and nomenclature of viruses. https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_report/. Accessed June 20, 2020.

6 

Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T, Jiang YZ, Xiong Y, Li YJ, Li XW, et al: Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: A descriptive study. Chin Med J (Engl). 133:1015–1024. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

World Health Organization (WHO): Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-18-march-2020. Accessed June 20, 2020.

8 

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al: Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 395:497–506. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Kissler SM, Tedijanto C, Goldstein E, Grad YH and Lipsitch M: Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science. 368:860–868. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Bauch CT and Oraby T: Assessing the pandemic potential of MERS-CoV. Lancet. 382:662–664. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Chen Y, Liu Q and Guo D: Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 92:418–423. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Chen B, Liang H, Yuan X, Hu Y, Xu M, Zhao Y, Zhang B, Tian F and Zhu X: Roles of meteorological conditions in COVID-19 transmission on a worldwide scale. medRxiv: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.16.20037168.

13 

Cárdenas-Conejo Y, Liñan-Rico A, García-Rodríguez DA, Centeno-Leija S and Serrano-Posada H: An exclusive 42 amino acid signature in pp1ab protein provides insights into the evolutive history of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). J Med Virol. 92:688–692. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Song ZG, Hu Y, Tao ZW, Tian JH, Pei YY, et al: A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 579:265–269. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses: The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 5: 536-544, 2020.

16 

Kumar S, Maurya VK, Prasad AK, Bhatt MLB and Saxena SK: Structural, glycosylation and antigenic variation between 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Virus Disease. 31:13–21. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Chan JF, Kok KH, Zhu Z, Chu H, Kai-Wang K, Yuan S and Yuen KY: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Emerg Microbes Infect. 9:221–236. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT and Veesler D: Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell. 181:281–292.e286. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Coutard B, Valle C, de Lamballerie X, Canard B, Seidah NG and Decroly E: The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade. Antiviral Res. 176(104742)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS and Li F: Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol. 94:e00127–e00120. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, Graham BS and McLellan JS: Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 367:1260–1263. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Leung DT, Tam FC, Ma CH, Chan PK, Cheung JL, Niu H, Tam JS and Lim PL: Antibody response of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) targets the viral nucleocapsid. J Infect Dis. 190:379–386. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC): COVID-19 situation update worldwide, as of 6 July 2020. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases. Accessed June 20, 2020.

24 

Schoeman D and Fielding BC: Coronavirus envelope protein: Current knowledge. Virol J. 16(69)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Kakodkar P, Kaka N and Baig MN: A comprehensive literature review on the clinical presentation, and management of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus. 12(e7560)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Li Y and Xia L: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Role of chest CT in diagnosis and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 214:1280–1286. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Wong HYF, Lam HYS, Fong AH, Leung ST, Chin TW, Lo CS, Lui MM, Lee JC, Chiu KW, Chung T, et al: Frequency and distribution of chest radiographic findings in COVID-19 positive patients. Radiology 2011: 60, 2019 (Online ahead of print).

28 

Ge XY, Li JL, Yang XL, Chmura AA, Zhu G, Epstein JH, Mazet JK, Hu B, Zhang W, Peng C, et al: Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 503:535–538. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC, et al: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 426:450–454. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis G and van Goor H: Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 203:631–637. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Fang L, Karakiulakis G and Roth M: Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 8(e21)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Totura AL and Baric RS: SARS coronavirus pathogenesis: Host innate immune responses and viral antagonism of interferon. Curr Opin Virol. 2:264–275. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Adams DH and Hubscher SG: Systemic viral infections and collateral damage in the liver. Am J Pathol. 168:1057–1059. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Gu J, Han B and Wang J: COVID-19: Gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmission. Gastroenterology. 158:1518–1519. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Zhang C, Shi L and Wang FS: Liver injury in COVID-19: Management and challenges. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 5:428–430. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, et al: Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 323:1061–1069. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, Hui DSC, et al: Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 382:1708–1720. 2020.

38 

Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, Fan Y and Zheng C: Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 20:425–434. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Qi F, Qian S, Zhang S and Zhang Z: Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 526:135–140. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, Zhi L, Wang X, Liu L, Bi Z and Zhao Y: Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 109:531–538. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Long B, Brady WJ, Koyfman A and Gottlieb M: Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. 38:1504–1507. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Lippi G and Plebani M: Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med. 58:1131–1134. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Li JW, Han TW, Woodward M, Anderson CS, Zhou H, Chen YD and Neal B: The impact of 2019 novel coronavirus on heart injury: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis: April 16, 2020 (Epub ahead of print).

44 

Guan Y, Zheng BJ, He YQ, Liu XL, Zhuang ZX, Cheung CL, Luo SW, Li PH, Zhang LJ, Guan YL, et al: Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science. 302:276–278. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH, Wang H, Crameri G, Hu Z, Zhang H, et al: Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science. 310:676–679. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC and Garry RF: The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 26:450–452. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Corman VM, Eckerle I, Bleicker T, Zaki A, Landt O, Eschbach-Bludau M, van Boheemen S, Gopal R, Ballhause M, Bestebroer TM, et al: Detection of a novel human coronavirus by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Euro Surveill. 17(20285)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Banerjee A, Kulcsar K, Misra V, Frieman M and Mossman K: Bats and Coronaviruses. Viruses. 11(41)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Reusken CB, Raj VS, Koopmans MP and Haagmans BL: Cross host transmission in the emergence of MERS coronavirus. Curr Opin Virol. 16:55–62. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Laguipo A: Tiger with SARS-CoV-2 infection demostrates reverse zoonosis. News-Medical, 2020. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200406/Tiger-with-SARS-CoV-2-infection-demostrates-reverse-zoonosis.aspx. Accessed April 6, 2020.

51 

Zhang W, Du RH, Li B, Zheng XS, Yang XL, Hu B, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Yan B, Shi ZL and Zhou P: Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: Implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg Microbes Infect. 9:386–389. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Xu Y, Li X, Zhu B, Liang H, Fang C, Gong Y, Guo Q, Sun X, Zhao D, Shen J, et al: Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential evidence for persistent fecal viral shedding. Nat Med. 26:502–505. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, Spitters C, Ericson K, Wilkerson S, Tural A, et al: First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 382:929–936. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Tang A, Tong ZD, Wang HL, Dai YX, Li KF, Liu JN, Wu WJ, Yuan C, Yu ML, Li P and Yan JB: Detection of novel coronavirus by RT-PCR in stool specimen from asymptomatic child, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 26:1337–1339. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Tan SY, Loh J, Ng OT, Marimuthu K, Ang LW, Mak TM, et al: Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA. 323:1488–1494. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI, et al: Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 382:1564–1567. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, Fang C, Huang D, Huang LQ, Huang Q, et al: A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Mil Med Res. 7(4)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Borba MGS, Val FFA, Sampaio VS, Alexandre MAA, Melo GC, Brito M, Mourão MPG, Brito-Sousa JD, Baía-da-Silva D, Guerra MVF, et al: Chloroquine diphosphate in two different dosages as adjunctive therapy of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome in the context of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: Preliminary safety results of a randomized, double-blinded, phase IIb clinical trial (CloroCovid-19 Study). medRxiv: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.07.20056424.

59 

Chorin E, Dai M, Shulman E, Wadhwani L, RoiBar-Cohen, Barbhaiya C, Aizer A, Holmes D, Bernstein S, Spinelli M, et al: The QT interval in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin. medRxiv: doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.02.20047050.

60 

Roden DM, Harrington RA, Poppas A and Russo AM: Considerations for drug interactions on QTc in exploratory COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) treatment. Heart Rhythm. 17:e231–e232. 2020.

61 

Huang J, Song W, Huang H and Sun Q: Pharmacological therapeutics targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, proteinase and spike protein: From mechanistic studies to clinical trials for COVID-19. J Clin Med. 9(1131)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Center for Disease control (CDC): Information for Clinicians on Investigational Therapeutics for Patients with COVID-19. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/therapeutic-options.html. Accessed April 25, 2020.

63 

Akst J: COVID-19 Vaccine Frontrunners. The scientist, 2020. https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/covid-19-vaccine-frontrunners-67382. Accessed June 20, 2020.

64 

Zhang C, Chen C, Shen W, Tang F, Lei H, Xie Y, Cao Z, Tang K, Bai J, Xiao L, et al: Impact of population movement on the spread of 2019-nCoV in China. Emerg Microbes Infect. 9:988–990. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

65 

Chinazzi M, Davis JT, Ajelli M, Gioannini C, Litvinova M, Merler S, Piontti APY, Mu K, Rossi L, Sun K, et al: The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science. 368:395–400. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

66 

Anderson RM, Fraser C, Ghani AC, Donnelly CA, Riley S, Ferguson NM, Leung GM, Lam TH and Hedley AJ: Epidemiology, transmission dynamics and control of SARS: The 2002-2003 epidemic. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 359:1091–1105. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

67 

Hufnagel L, Brockmann D and Geisel T: Forecast and control of epidemics in a globalized world. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101:15124–15129. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

68 

Eletreby R, Zhuang Y, Carley KM, Yagan O and Poor HV: The effects of evolutionary adaptations on spreading processes in complex networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 117:5664–5670. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

69 

Zhou J and McCandlish DM: Minimum epistasis interpolation for sequence-function relationships. Nat Commun. 11(1782)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

70 

Parvez MK: Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary manifestations of coronavirus disease-19: Potential implications for healthcare resource-deficient countries. Gastroenterol Heptal Lett. 2:7–11. 2020.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Parvez MK, Jagirdar RM, Purty RS, Venkata SK, Agrawal V, Kumar J and Tiwari N: COVID‑19 pandemic: Understanding the emergence, pathogenesis and containment (Review). World Acad Sci J 2: 18, 2020.
APA
Parvez, M.K., Jagirdar, R.M., Purty, R.S., Venkata, S.K., Agrawal, V., Kumar, J., & Tiwari, N. (2020). COVID‑19 pandemic: Understanding the emergence, pathogenesis and containment (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 2, 18. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2020.59
MLA
Parvez, M. K., Jagirdar, R. M., Purty, R. S., Venkata, S. K., Agrawal, V., Kumar, J., Tiwari, N."COVID‑19 pandemic: Understanding the emergence, pathogenesis and containment (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 2.5 (2020): 18.
Chicago
Parvez, M. K., Jagirdar, R. M., Purty, R. S., Venkata, S. K., Agrawal, V., Kumar, J., Tiwari, N."COVID‑19 pandemic: Understanding the emergence, pathogenesis and containment (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 2, no. 5 (2020): 18. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2020.59
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Parvez MK, Jagirdar RM, Purty RS, Venkata SK, Agrawal V, Kumar J and Tiwari N: COVID‑19 pandemic: Understanding the emergence, pathogenesis and containment (Review). World Acad Sci J 2: 18, 2020.
APA
Parvez, M.K., Jagirdar, R.M., Purty, R.S., Venkata, S.K., Agrawal, V., Kumar, J., & Tiwari, N. (2020). COVID‑19 pandemic: Understanding the emergence, pathogenesis and containment (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 2, 18. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2020.59
MLA
Parvez, M. K., Jagirdar, R. M., Purty, R. S., Venkata, S. K., Agrawal, V., Kumar, J., Tiwari, N."COVID‑19 pandemic: Understanding the emergence, pathogenesis and containment (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 2.5 (2020): 18.
Chicago
Parvez, M. K., Jagirdar, R. M., Purty, R. S., Venkata, S. K., Agrawal, V., Kumar, J., Tiwari, N."COVID‑19 pandemic: Understanding the emergence, pathogenesis and containment (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 2, no. 5 (2020): 18. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2020.59
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team