Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
World Academy of Sciences Journal
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2632-2900 Online ISSN: 2632-2919
Journal Cover
May-June 2021 Volume 3 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-June 2021 Volume 3 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Treatment of lentigo maligna (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Jean Kanitakis
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Dermatology (Pav. R), Ed. Herriot Hospital Group, 69437 Lyon Cedex 03, France
    Copyright: © Kanitakis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 22
    |
    Published online on: February 26, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2021.93
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Lentigo maligna (LM) is the most common type of in situ melanoma, usually appearing on chronically sun‑exposed skin (mostly the head and neck) of elderly patients. It manifests clinically as a macule with a heterogeneous pigmentation and irregular contours. LM grows gradually over the years in a radial pattern and may eventually progress with a vertical growth phase, thereby transforming into an invasive melanoma (LM melanoma) that has potential for metastasis and a lethal outcome; accordingly, LM is currently regarded as an authentic melanoma in situ, rather than a premalignant condition. To the best of my knowledge, no prospective, randomized controlled studies evaluating the efficacy of the various treatment modalities applied for the treatment of LM exist to date. Surgical excision with tumour‑free margins is regarded as the most effective treatment, achieving optimal rates of tumour clearance. Excision can be performed as traditional, one‑step tumour ablation with predefined safety margins or, preferably, with margin‑controlled techniques, such as staged excision or Mohs micrographic surgery, the latter methods achieving the highest cure rates. In the case of surgically‑unresectable tumours or in frail patients with severe comorbidities, alternative non‑surgical (off‑label) therapies can be applied, including namely radiotherapy and imiquimod, as monotherapy or in various combinations.
View Figures
View References

1 

Swetter SM, Boldrick JC, Jung SY, Egbert BM and Harvell JD: Increasing incidence of lentigo maligna melanoma subtypes: Northern California and national trends 1990-2000. J Invest Dermatol. 125:685–691. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Greveling K, Wakkee M, Nijsten T, van den Bos RR and Hollestein LM: Epidemiology of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma in the Netherlands, 1989-2013. J Invest Dermatol. 136:1955–1960. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Matas-Nadal C, Sòria X, García-de-la-Fuente MR, Huerva V, Ortega E, Vilardell F, Gatius S, Casanova JM and Martí RM: Immunocryosurgery as monotherapy for lentigo maligna or combined with surgical excision for lentigo maligna melanoma. J Dermatol. 45:564–570. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Guitera P, Collgros H, Madronio C, Goumas C, Mann GJ, Watts CG, Pereira AR, Armstrong BK, Drummond M, Morton RL, et al: The steadily growing problem of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma in Australia: Population-based data on diagnosis and management. Australas J Dermatol. 60:118–125. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Higgins H II, Cho E, Weinstock MA, Li TY, Qureshi A and Li WQ: Gender differences, UV exposure and risk of lentigo maligna in a nationwide healthcare population cohort study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 33:1268–1271. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Duarte AF, Sousa-Pinto B, Barros AM, Haneke E and Correia O: Lentigo maligna-not always a face and neck disease of the elderly. Dermatology. 234:37–42. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Menzies SW, Liyanarachchi S, Coates E, Smith A, Cooke-Yarborough C, Lo S, Armstrong B, Scolyer RA and Guitera P: Estimated risk of progression of lentigo maligna to lentigo maligna melanoma. Melanoma Res. 30:193–197. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Cinotti E, Labeille B, Debarbieux S, Carrera C, Lacarrubba F, Witkowski AM, Moscarella E, Arzberger E, Kittler H, Bahadoran P, et al: Dermoscopy vs reflectance confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of lentigo maligna. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 32:1284–1291. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Pralong P, Bathelier E, Dalle S, Poulalhon N, Debarbieux S and Thomas L: Dermoscopy of lentigo maligna melanoma: Report of 125 cases. Br J Dermatol. 167:280–287. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Agozzino M, Vitiello P and Nuzzo T: Lentigo maligna. In: Argenziano G, Moscarella E, Piccolo V, Agozzino M, Longo C, Pellacani G (eds). Color Atlas of Dermoscopy PICCIN press, Padova, pp127-129, 2020.

11 

Tiodorovic-Zivkovic D, Argenziano G, Lallas A, Thomas L, Ignjatovic A, Rabinovitz H, Moscarella E, Longo C, Hofmann-Wellenhof R and Zalaudek I: Age, gender, and topography influence the clinical and dermoscopic appearance of lentigo maligna. J Am Acad Dermatol. 72:801–808. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Winkler JK, Sies K, Fink C, Toberer F, Enk A, Deinlein T, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Thomas L, Lallas A, Blum A, et al: Melanoma recognition by a deep learning convolutional neural network-performance in different melanoma subtypes and localisations. Eur J Cancer. 127:21–29. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Guitera P, Moloney FJ, Menzies SW, Stretch JR, Quinn MJ, Hong A, Fogarty G and Scolyer RA: Improving management and patient care in lentigo maligna by mapping with in vivo confocal microscopy. JAMA Dermatol. 149:692–698. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Lallas A, Argenziano G, Moscarella E, Longo C, Simonetti V and Zalaudek I: Diagnosis and management of facial pigmented macules. Clin Dermatol. 32:94–100. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Star P and Guitera P: Lentigo maligna, macules of the face, and lesions on sun-damaged skin: Confocal makes the difference. Dermatol Clin. 34:421–429. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Ng JC, Swain S, Dowling JP, Wolfe R, Simpson P and Kelly JW: The impact of partial biopsy on histopathologic diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma: Experience of an Australian tertiary referral service. Arch Dermatol. 146:234–239. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Champin J, Perrot JL, Cinotti E, Labeille B, Douchet C, Parrau G, Cambazard F, Seguin P and Alix T: In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy to optimize the spaghetti technique for defining surgical margins of lentigo maligna. Dermatol Surg. 40:247–256. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Yelamos O, Cordova M, Blank N, Kose K, Dusza SW, Lee E, Rajadhyaksha M, Nehal KS and Rossi AM: Correlation of handheld reflectance confocal microscopy with radial video mosaicing for margin mapping of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. JAMA Dermatol. 153:1278–1284. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Agarwal-Antal N, Bowen GM and Gerwels JW: Histologic evaluation of lentigo maligna with permanent sections: Implications regarding current guidelines. J Am Acad Dermatol. 47:743–748. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Möller M, Pappas-Politis E, Zager JS, Santiago LA, Yu D, Prakash A, Kinal A, Clark GS, Zhu W, Puleo CA, et al: Surgical management of melanoma-in-situ using a staged marginal and central excision technique. Ann Surg Oncol. 16:1526–1536. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Zoutendijk J, Tio D, Koljenovic S and van den Bos RR: Nine per cent of biopsy-proven lentigo maligna lesions are reclassified as lentigo maligna melanoma after surgery. Br J Dermatol. 181:383–384. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Connolly KL, Giordano C, Dusza S, Busam KJ and Nehal K: Follicular involvement is frequent in lentigo maligna: Implications for treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 80:532–537. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Elder DE, Bastian BC, Kim J, Massi D, Mihm M, Scolyer R and Wood B: Lentigo maligna melanoma. In: WHO Classification of Skin Tumours. 4th edition. Elder DE, Massi D, Scolyer RA and Willemze R (eds). International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, pp102-104, 2018.

24 

Tio D, Willemsen M, Krebbers G, Kasiem FR, Hoekzema R, van Doorn R, Bekkenk MW and Luiten RM: Differential expression of cancer testis antigens on lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 42:625–627. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Elder DE, Bastian BC, Cree IA, Massi D and Scolyer RA: The 2018 world health organization classification of cutaneous, mucosal and uveal melanoma. Detailed analysis of 9 distinct subtypes defined by their evolutionary pathway. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 144:500–522. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Tzellos T, Kyrgidis A, Mocellin S, Chan AW, Pilati P and Apalla Z: Interventions for melanoma in situ, including lentigo maligna. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: Dec 19, 2014. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010308.pub2.

27 

McLeod M, Choudhary S, Giannakakis G and Nouri K: Surgical treatments for lentigo maligna: A review. Dermatol Surg. 37:1210–1228. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

de Vries K, Greveling K, Prens LM, Munte K, Koljenović S, van Doorn MB and Prens EP: Recurrence rate of lentigo maligna after micrographically controlled staged surgical excision. Br J Dermatol. 174:588–593. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Demer AM, Hanson JL, Maher IA and Liszewski W: Association of Mohs micrographic surgery vs wide local excision with overall survival outcomes for patients with melanoma of the trunk and extremities. JAMA Dermatol. 157:84–89. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

McGuire LK, Disa JJ, Lee EH, Busam KJ and Nehal KS: Melanoma of the lentigo maligna subtype: Diagnostic challenges and current treatment paradigms. Plast Reconstr Surg. 129:288e–299e. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Hazan C, Dusza SW, Delgado R, Busam KJ, Halpern AC and Nehal KS: Staged excision for lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma: A retrospective analysis of 117 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 58:142–148. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Ellison PM, Zitelli JA and Brodland DG: Mohs micrographic surgery for melanoma: A prospective multicenter study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 81:767–774. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Kunishige JH, Brodland DG and Zitelli JA: Surgical margins for melanoma in situ. J Am Acad Dermatol. 66:438–444. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Guillot B, Dalac S, Denis MG, Dupuy A, Emile JF, De La Fouchardiere A, Hindie E, Jouary T, Lassau N, Mirabel X, et al: French updated recommendations in stage I to III melanoma treatment and management. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 31:594–602. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Garbe C, Amaral T, Peris K, Hauschild A, Arenberger P, Bastholt L, Bataille V, Del Marmol V, Dréno B, Fargnoli MC, et al: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline for melanoma. Part 2: Treatment-update 2019. Eur J Cancer. 126:159–177. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/cutaneous_melanoma.pdf. Accessed December 19, 2020.

37 

Swetter SM, Tsao H, Bichakjian CK, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Elder DE, Gershenwald JE, Guild V, Grant-Kels JM, Halpern AC, Johnson TM, et al: Guidelines of care for the management of primary cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 80:208–250. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Gradecki SE, Valdes-Rodriguez R, Wick MR and Gru AA: PRAME immunohistochemistry as an adjunct for diagnosis and histological margin assessment in lentigo maligna. Histopathology: Dec 6, 2020 (Epub ahead of print).

39 

Gaudy-Marqueste C, Perchenet AS, Taséi AM, Madjlessi N, Magalon G, Richard MA and Grob JJ: The ‘spaghetti technique’: An alternative to Mohs surgery or staged surgery for problematic lentiginous melanoma (lentigo maligna and acral lentiginous melanoma). J Am Acad Dermatol. 64:113–118. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Connolly KL, Hibler BP, Lee EH, Rossi AM, Busam KJ and Nehal KS: Locally recurrent lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma: Characteristics and time to recurrence after surgery. Dermatol Surg. 43:792–797. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Johnson TM, Headington JT, Baker SR and Lowe L: Usefulness of the staged excision for lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma: The ‘square’ procedure. J Am Acad Dermatol. 37:758–764. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Smith H, Olabi B, Lam M, Patel A and Varma S: Ten years' experience using the Johnson square procedure for lentigo maligna. Br J Dermatol. 181:602–604. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Hilari H, Llorca D, Traves V, Villanueva A, Serra-Guillén C, Requena C, Llombart B, Sanmartín O, Guillén C and Nagore E: Conventional surgery compared with slow Mohs micrographic surgery in the treatment of lentigo maligna: A retrospective study of 62 cases. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 103:614–623. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In English, Spanish).

44 

Bene NI, Healy C and Coldiron BM: Mohs micrographic surgery is accurate 95.1% of the time for melanoma in situ: A prospective study of 167 cases. Dermatol Surg. 34:660–664. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Erickson C and Miller SJ: Treatment options in melanoma in situ: Topical and radiation therapy, excision and Mohs surgery. Int J Dermatol. 49:482–491. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Sharma AN, Foulad DP, Doan L, Lee PK and Atanaskova Mesinkovska N: Mohs surgery for the treatment of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma-a systematic review. J Dermatolog Treat. 32:157–163. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Walling HW, Scupham RK, Bean AK and Ceilley RI: Staged excision versus Mohs micrographic surgery for lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 57:659–664. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Zitelli JA, Brown C and Hanusa BH: Mohs micrographic surgery for the treatment of primary cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 37:236–245. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Stigall LE, Brodland DG and Zitelli JA: The use of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) for melanoma in situ (MIS) of the trunk and proximal extremities. J Am Acad Dermatol. 75:1015–1021. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Michielin O, van Akkooi ACJ, Ascierto PA, Dummer R and Keilholz U: ESMO Guidelines Committee. Electronic address: simpleclinicalguidelines@esmo.org: Cutaneous melanoma. ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†. Ann Oncol. 30:1884–1901. 2019.

51 

Hendrickx A, Cozzio A, Plasswilm L and Panje CM: Radiotherapy for lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma-a systematic review. Radiat Oncol. 15(174)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Fogarty GB, Hong A, Economides A and Guitera P: Experience with treating radiotherapy for lentigo maligna with definitive radiotherapy. Dermatol Res Pract. 2018(7439807)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Schmid-Wendtner MH, Brunner B, Konz B, Kaudewitz P, Wendtner CM, Peter RU, Plewig G and Volkenandt M: Fractionated radiotherapy of lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma in 64 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 43:477–482. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Lazarevic D, Ramelyte E, Dummer R and Imhof L: Radiotherapy in periocular cutaneous malignancies: A retrospective study. Dermatology. 235:234–239. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Hedblad MA and Mallbris L: Grenz ray treatment of lentigo maligna and early lentigo maligna melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 67:60–68. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Kopf AW, Bart RS and Gladstein AH: Treatment of melanotic freckle with x-rays. Arch Dermatol. 112:801–807. 1976.PubMed/NCBI

57 

Lamoureux A, Ouhabrache N, Coulibaly S, Dousset L, Gerard E, Dutriaux C, Pham-Ledard A, Cogrel O, Trouette R, Beylot-Barry M and Vendrely V: Contact radiotherapy for lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma: A cohort of 61 cases. Radiother Oncol. 127(S436)2018.

58 

Zalaudek I, Horn M, Richtig E, Hödl S, Kerl H and Smolle J: Local recurrence in melanoma in situ: Influence of sex, age, site of involvement and therapeutic modalities. Br J Dermatol. 148:703–708. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

59 

Farshad A, Burg G, Panizzon R and Dummer R: A retrospective study of 150 patients with lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma and the efficacy of radiotherapy using Grenz or soft X-rays. Br J Dermatol. 146:1042–1046. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Christie DR and Tiver KW: Radiotherapy for melanotic freckles. Australas Radiol. 40:331–333. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

61 

Tsang RW, Liu FF, Wells W and Payne DG: Lentigo maligna of the head and neck. Results of treatment by radiotherapy. Arch Dermatol. 130:1008–1012. 1994.PubMed/NCBI

62 

Harwood AR: Conventional fractionated radiotherapy for 51 patients with lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 9:1019–1021. 1983.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

63 

Robinson M, Primiero C, Guitera P, Hong A, Scolyer RA, Stretch JR, Strutton G, Thompson JF and Soyer HP: Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with lentigo maligna. Dermatology. 236:111–116. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

64 

Papanikolaou M and Lawrence CM: Long-term outcomes of imiquimod-treated lentigo maligna. Clin Exp Dermatol. 44:631–636. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

65 

Sampson BP and Bowen GM: Strategies for reducing final surgical defect sizes in the treatment of lentigo maligna. Dermatol Surg. 46:537–545. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

66 

Kai AC, Richards T, Coleman A, Mallipeddi R, Barlow R and Craythorne EE: Five-year recurrence rate of lentigo maligna after treatment with imiquimod. Br J Dermatol. 174:165–168. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

67 

Astorino S, Astorre P, Pasquini P, Di Nunno D, Pellegrini F and Paolino G: Imiquimod 5% cream in occlusion, for the treatment of lentigo maligna: A new scheme of short cycles and the need for clinical trials. Dermatol Ther. 32(e12757)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

68 

Buettiker UV, Yawalkar NY, Braathen LR and Hunger RE: Imiquimod treatment of lentigo maligna: An open-label study of 34 primary lesions in 32 patients. Arch Dermatol. 144:943–945. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

69 

Chapman MS, Spencer SK and Brennick JB: Histologic resolution of melanoma in situ (lentigo maligna) with 5% imiquimod cream. Arch Dermatol. 139:943–944. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

70 

Cotter MA, McKenna JK and Bowen GM: Treatment of lentigo maligna with imiquimod before staged excision. Dermatol Surg. 34:147–151. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

71 

Wong JG, Toole JW, Demers AA, Musto G and Wiseman MC: Topical 5% imiquimod in the treatment of lentigo maligna. J Cutan Med Surg. 16:245–249. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

72 

Kirtschig G, Van Meurs T and Van Doorn R: Twelve-week treatment of lentigo maligna with imiquimod results in a high and sustained clearance rate. Acta Derm Venereol. 95:83–85. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

73 

Gautschi M, Oberholzer PA, Baumgartner M, Gadaldi K, Yawalkar N and Hunger RE: Prognostic markers in lentigo maligna patients treated with imiquimod cream: A long-term follow-up study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 74:81–87.e1. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

74 

Read T, Noonan C, David M, Wagels M, Foote M, Schaider H, Soyer HP and Smithers BM: A systematic review of non-surgical treatments for lentigo maligna. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 30:748–753. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

75 

Greveling K, van der Klok T, van Doorn MB, Noordhoek Hegt V and Prens EP: Lentigo maligna-anatomic location as a potential risk factor for recurrences after non-surgical treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 31:450–454. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

76 

Craythorne EE and Lawrence CM: Observational study of topical imiquimod immunotherapy in the treatment of difficult lentigo maligna. Clin Med Oncol. 2:551–554. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

77 

Powell AM, Robson AM, Russell-Jones R and Barlow RJ: Imiquimod and lentigo maligna: A search for prognostic features in a clinicopathological study with long-term follow-up. Br J Dermatol. 160:994–998. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

78 

Ly L, Kelly JW, O'Keefe R, Sutton T, Dowling JP, Swain S, Byrne M, Curr N, Wolfe R, Chamberlain A and Haskett M: Efficacy of imiquimod cream, 5%, for lentigo maligna after complete excision: A study of 43 patients. Arch Dermatol. 147:1191–1195. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

79 

Halse H, Caramia F, McLean CA, Wang M, Aw Yeang HX, Keam SP, Behren A, Ly L, Haskett M, Cebon J, et al: Distinct pretreatment immune gene signature in lentigo maligna is associated with imiquimod response. J Invest Dermatol. 140:869–877.e16. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

80 

Hyde MA, Hadley ML, Tristani-Firouzi P, Goldgar D and Bowen GM: A randomized trial of the off-label use of imiquimod, 5%, cream with vs without tazarotene, 0.1%, gel for the treatment of lentigo maligna, followed by conservative staged excisions. Arch Dermatol. 148:592–596. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

81 

Donigan JM, Hyde MA, Goldgar DE, Hadley ML, Bowling M and Bowen GM: Rate of recurrence of lentigo maligna with off-label neoadjuvant topical imiquimod, 5%, cream prior to conservatively staged excision. JAMA Dermatol. 154:885–988. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

82 

Mora AN, Karia PS and Nguyen BM: A quantitative systematic review of the efficacy of imiquimod monotherapy for lentigo maligna and an analysis of factors that affect tumor clearance. J Am Acad Dermatol. 73:205–212. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

83 

Marsden JR, Fox R, Boota NM, Cook M, Wheatley K, Billingham LJ and Steven NM: NCRI Skin Cancer Clinical Studies Group, the U.K. Dermatology Clinical Trials Network and the LIMIT-1 Collaborative Group. Effect of topical imiquimod as primary treatment for lentigo maligna: The LIMIT-1 study. Br J Dermatol. 176:1148–1154. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

84 

Rajpar SF and Marsden JR: Imiquimod in the treatment of lentigo maligna. Br J Dermatol. 155:653–656. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

85 

Tio D, van der Woude J, Prinsen CAC, Jansma EP, Hoekzema R and van Montfrans C: A systematic review on the role of imiquimod in lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma: Need for standardization of treatment schedule and outcome measures. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 31:616–624. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

86 

Woodmansee CS and McCall MW: Recurrence of lentigo maligna and development of invasive melanoma after treatment of lentigo maligna with imiquimod. Dermatol Surg. 35:1286–1289. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

87 

Ellis LZ, Cohen JL, High W and Stewart L: Melanoma in situ treated successfully using imiquimod after nonclearance with surgery: Review of the literature. Dermatol Surg. 38:937–946. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

88 

Brand FL, Seyed Jafari SM and Hunger RE: Confocal microscopy and lentigo maligna: An in vivo pilot study for the assessment of response to imiquimod therapy. Dermatology. 235:150–155. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

89 

De Moraes AM, Pavarin LB, Herreros F, de Aguiar Michelman F, Velho PE and de Souza EM: Cryosurgical treatment of lentigo maligna. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 5:477–480. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In English, German).

90 

Collins P, Rogers S, Goggin M and Manning W: Cryotherapy for lentigo maligna. Clin Exp Dermatol. 16:433–435. 1991.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

91 

McKenna JK, Florell SR, Goldman GD and Bowen GM: Lentigo maligna/lentigo maligna melanoma: Current state of diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Surg. 32:493–504. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

92 

Karam A, Simon M, Lemasson G and Misery L: The use of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of lentigo maligna. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 26:275–277. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

93 

Räsänen JE, Neittaanmäki N, Jeskanen L, Pölönen I, Snellman E and Grönroos M: Ablative fractional laser-assisted photodynamic therapy for lentigo maligna: A prospective pilot study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 34:510–517. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

94 

Lee H, Sowerby LJ, Temple CL, Yu E and Moore CC: Carbon dioxide laser treatment for lentigo maligna: A retrospective review comparing 3 different treatment modalities. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 13:398–403. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

95 

Madal V and August PJ: Lentigo maligna-outcomes of treatment with Q-switched Nd:YAG and alexandrite lasers. Dermatol Surg. 35:607–612. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

96 

de Vries K, Rellum R, Habets JM and Prens EP: A novel two-stage treatment of lentigo maligna using ablative laser therapy followed by imiquimod. Br J Dermatol. 168:1362–1364. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

97 

Fikrle T, Divišová B, Šuchmannová J and Pizinger K: The use of 2940-nm ER:YAG laser for the treatment of lentigo maligna. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 17:425–431. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

98 

McKenna DB, Cooper EJ, Kavanagh GM, Davie RM, McLaren KM and Tidman MJ: Amelanotic malignant melanoma following cryosurgery for atypical lentigo maligna. Clin Exp Dermatol. 25:600–604. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

99 

Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S, Zina G and Breathnach AS: Ten year's experience of treating lentigo maligna with topical azelaic acid. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 143:49–57. 1989.PubMed/NCBI

100 

Litwin MS, Krementz ET, Mansell PW and Reed RJ: Topical chemotherapy of lentigo maligna with 5-fluorouracil. Cancer. 35:721–733. 1975.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

101 

Ryan RF, Krementz ET and Litwin MS: A role for topical 5-fluorouracil therapy in melanoma. J Surg Oncol. 38:250–256. 1988.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

102 

Calista D: Treatment of lentigo maligna with topical 1% cidofovir. Br J Dermatol. 157:421–423. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

103 

Montaudié H, Le Duff F, Butori C, Hofman V, Fontas E, Roger-Cruzel C, Bahadoran P, Perrot JL, Desmedt E, Legoupil D, et al: Ingenol mebutate to treat lentigo maligna of the head (face and scalp): A prospective, multicenter, single-arm phase 2 trial indicates no benefit. J Am Acad Dermatol. 82:731–733. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

104 

Gadaldi K, Feldmayer L, Yawalkar N and Hunger RE: Ingenol mebutate for lentigo maligna: A case report. Dermatology. 232 (Suppl 1):S24–S28. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

105 

Tio D, Prinsen CAC, Dréno B, Hoekzema R, Augustin M and van Montfrans C: Variation in the diagnosis and clinical management of lentigo maligna across Europe: A survey study among European association of dermatologists and venereologists members. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 32:1476–1484. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Kanitakis J: Treatment of lentigo maligna (Review). World Acad Sci J 3: 22, 2021.
APA
Kanitakis, J. (2021). Treatment of lentigo maligna (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 3, 22. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2021.93
MLA
Kanitakis, J."Treatment of lentigo maligna (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 3.3 (2021): 22.
Chicago
Kanitakis, J."Treatment of lentigo maligna (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 3, no. 3 (2021): 22. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2021.93
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Kanitakis J: Treatment of lentigo maligna (Review). World Acad Sci J 3: 22, 2021.
APA
Kanitakis, J. (2021). Treatment of lentigo maligna (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 3, 22. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2021.93
MLA
Kanitakis, J."Treatment of lentigo maligna (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 3.3 (2021): 22.
Chicago
Kanitakis, J."Treatment of lentigo maligna (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 3, no. 3 (2021): 22. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2021.93
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team