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Case Report Open Access

COVID‑19 infection and severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: A case report and review of the literature

  • Authors:
    • Ylenia Russotto
    • Cristina Micali
    • Andrea Marino
    • Manuela Ceccarelli
    • Grazia Caci
    • Emmanuele Venanzi Rullo
    • Giuseppe Nunnari
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ‘Gaetano Martino’ Hospital, University of Messina, I‑98100 Messina, Italy, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
    Copyright: © Russotto et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 31
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    Published online on: October 25, 2023
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2023.208
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Abstract

During the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic, a number of autoimmune diseases have been found to be associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome‑coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) infection, with thrombocytopenia being the most common. The present study describes the case of a female patient who tested positive for SARS‑CoV‑2 infection from samples from two nasopharyngeal swabs examined using RT‑PCR; she was admitted to hospital for severe anaemia. The woman also tested positive to direct antiglobulin test (DAT). In addition, the literature was reviewed for cases of anaemia concomitant to COVID‑19 and only cases of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) with positive DAT were considered. A total of 38 cases of AIHA concomitant to COVID‑19 were identified. In the cases reported in the literature, both warm AIHA and cold agglutinin disease were observed, with a marked prevalence of CAD. The majority of the cases identified in the literature, including the patient described herein, have had a full recovery from both COVID‑19 and AIHA; however, as some of the patients visited the hospital for observation when their condition was already at an advanced and severe stage, effective therapy could not be administered and they consequently succumbed. On the whole, as autoimmune anaemia may be a consequence of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection, it should perhaps be considered among the haematological autoimmune disorders secondary to COVID‑19, along with thrombocytopenia.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Russotto Y, Micali C, Marino A, Ceccarelli M, Caci G, Rullo EV and Nunnari G: COVID‑19 infection and severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: A case report and review of the literature. World Acad Sci J 5: 31, 2023.
APA
Russotto, Y., Micali, C., Marino, A., Ceccarelli, M., Caci, G., Rullo, E.V., & Nunnari, G. (2023). COVID‑19 infection and severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: A case report and review of the literature. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 5, 31. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2023.208
MLA
Russotto, Y., Micali, C., Marino, A., Ceccarelli, M., Caci, G., Rullo, E. V., Nunnari, G."COVID‑19 infection and severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: A case report and review of the literature". World Academy of Sciences Journal 5.6 (2023): 31.
Chicago
Russotto, Y., Micali, C., Marino, A., Ceccarelli, M., Caci, G., Rullo, E. V., Nunnari, G."COVID‑19 infection and severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: A case report and review of the literature". World Academy of Sciences Journal 5, no. 6 (2023): 31. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2023.208
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Russotto Y, Micali C, Marino A, Ceccarelli M, Caci G, Rullo EV and Nunnari G: COVID‑19 infection and severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: A case report and review of the literature. World Acad Sci J 5: 31, 2023.
APA
Russotto, Y., Micali, C., Marino, A., Ceccarelli, M., Caci, G., Rullo, E.V., & Nunnari, G. (2023). COVID‑19 infection and severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: A case report and review of the literature. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 5, 31. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2023.208
MLA
Russotto, Y., Micali, C., Marino, A., Ceccarelli, M., Caci, G., Rullo, E. V., Nunnari, G."COVID‑19 infection and severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: A case report and review of the literature". World Academy of Sciences Journal 5.6 (2023): 31.
Chicago
Russotto, Y., Micali, C., Marino, A., Ceccarelli, M., Caci, G., Rullo, E. V., Nunnari, G."COVID‑19 infection and severe autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: A case report and review of the literature". World Academy of Sciences Journal 5, no. 6 (2023): 31. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2023.208
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