Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
World Academy of Sciences Journal
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2632-2900 Online ISSN: 2632-2919
Journal Cover
January-February 2025 Volume 7 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
January-February 2025 Volume 7 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

No effect of fetal sex on maternal insulin resistance: A cross‑sectional study

  • Authors:
    • Hamdan Z. Hamdan
    • Sumia F. Ahmed
    • Majdolin M. Eltayeb
    • Duria A. Rayis
    • Ishag Adam
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah 51911, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Najran University, Najran 66262, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah 51911, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
    Copyright: © Hamdan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 9
    |
    Published online on: November 25, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.297
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The association between fetal sex and maternal insulin resistance and β‑cell functions during pregnancy has not yet been fully elucidated. The present study thus aimed to investigate this association among non‑diabetic pregnant women. For this purpose, a cross‑sectional study was conducted between February to October, 2022. Pregnant women between the 24 and 28th week of gestation were enrolled in the present study; glucose tolerance tests were performed and indices of insulin resistance and β‑cell function were examined. The results revealed that out of the 113 pregnant women included in the study, 55 gave birth to boys and 58 delivered girls. The mean (standard deviation) for age and body mass index in all the participants were 27.6 (5.6) years, and 27.1 (5.6) kg/m2, respectively. There was no significant difference between the mean (standard deviation) for age [28.1 (5.4) vs. 27.1 (5.7) years; P=0.318] and body mass index [26.8 (4.9) vs. 27.3 (6.2) kg/m2; P=0.638] of mothers who gave birth to boys and those who delivered girls, respectively. The median (interquartile range) of fasting insulin levels [7.31 (3.49‑14.6 vs. 7.31 (3.73‑14.6) µU/ml; P=0.858] and indices of homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance [19.78 (11.73‑38.7) vs. 21.7 (10.0‑42.1), P=0.692] and homeostatic model assessment for β‑cell function [2.1 (1.09‑4.03) vs. 2.1 (1.06‑4.39), P=0.993] were comparable between the mothers bearing boys and those bearing girls. No significant difference was observed in the mean (standard deviation) of fasting glucose levels between the two groups [71.0 (13.1) vs. 68.2 (9.9) mg/dl; P=0.207]. On the whole, the present study found that fetal sex was not associated with maternal insulin resistance. However, further studies are required to confirm these findings.
View Figures
View References

1 

Barbour LA, McCurdy CE, Hernandez TL, Kirwan JP, Catalano PM and Friedman JE: Cellular mechanisms for insulin resistance in normal pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 30 (Suppl 2):S112–S119. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Plows JF, Stanley JL, Baker PN, Reynolds CM and Vickers MH: The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 19(3342)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Tinius RA, Blankenship MM, Furgal KE, Cade WT, Pearson KJ, Rowland NS, Pearson RC, Hoover DL and Maples JM: Metabolic flexibility is impaired in women who are pregnant and overweight/obese and related to insulin resistance and inflammation. Metabolism. 104(154142)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Khoo CM, Sairazi S, Taslim S, Gardner D, Wu Y, Lee J, van Dam RM and Shyong Tai E: Ethnicity modifies the relationships of insulin resistance, inflammation, and adiponectin with obesity in a multiethnic Asian population. Diabetes Care. 34:1120–1126. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Lowe WL and Karban J: Genetics, genomics and metabolomics: New insights into maternal metabolism during pregnancy. Diabet Med. 31:254–262. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Geng X, Geng L, Zhang Y, Lu H, Shen Y, Chen R, Fang P, Tao M, Wang C and Jia W: Fetal sex influences maternal fasting plasma glucose levels and basal β-cell function in pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance. Acta Diabetol. 54:1131–1138. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Walsh JM, Segurado R, Mahony RM, Foley ME and McAuliffe FM: The effects of fetal gender on maternal and fetal insulin resistance. PLoS One. 10(e0137215)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Retnakaran R, Kramer CK, Ye C, Kew S, Hanley AJ, Connelly PW, Sermer M and Zinman B: Fetal sex and maternal risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: The impact of having a boy. Diabetes Care. 38:844–851. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Sheiner E: The relationship between fetal gender and pregnancy outcome. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 275:317–319. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Krishnaveni GV, Veena SR, Hill JC, Kehoe S, Karat SC and Fall CHD: Intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes is associated with higher adiposity and insulin resistance and clustering of cardiovascular risk markers in Indian children. Diabetes Care. 33:402–404. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Alexopoulos AS, Blair R and Peters AL: Management of preexisting diabetes in pregnancy: A review. JAMA. 321:1811–1819. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Al-Qaraghouli M and Fang YMV: Effect of fetal sex on maternal and obstetric outcomes. Front Pediatr. 5(144)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Mirzakhani H and Weiss ST: Fetal sex and risk of preeclampsia: Dose maternal race matter? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 35:3379–3387. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Lieberman E, Lang JM, Cohen AP, Frigoletto FD Jr, Acker D and Rao R: The association of fetal sex with the rate of cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 176:667–671. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Legault LM, Breton-Larrivée M, Langford-Avelar A, Lemieux A and McGraw S: Sex-based disparities in DNA methylation and gene expression in late-gestation mouse placentas. Biol Sex Differ. 15(2)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Bralewska M, Pietrucha T and Sakowicz A: The role of catestatin in preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci. 25(2461)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Yanachkova V, Staynova R, Stankova T and Kamenov Z: Placental growth factor and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A as potential early predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus. Medicina (Kaunas). 59(398)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Osei-Kumah A, Smith R, Jurisica I, Caniggia I and Clifton VL: Sex-specific differences in placental global gene expression in pregnancies complicated by asthma. Placenta. 32:570–578. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Buckberry S, Bianco-Miotto T, Bent SJ, Dekker GA and Roberts CT: Integrative transcriptome meta-analysis reveals widespread sex-biased gene expression at the human fetal-maternal interface. Mol Hum Reprod. 20:810–819. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Braun AE, Mitchel OR, Gonzalez TL, Sun T, Flowers AE, Pisarska MD and Winn VD: Sex at the interface: The origin and impact of sex differences in the developing human placenta. Biol Sex Differ. 13(50)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, Buchanan TA, Catalano PA, Damm P, Dyer AR, Leiva AD, Hod M, et al: International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 33:676–682. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF and Turner RC: Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 28:412–419. 1985.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Xia T, Zhang X, Wang Y and Deng D: Effect of maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy on insulin resistance, lipid accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle of fetal rats. Biosci Rep. 38(BSR20171731)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

OpenEpi.OpenEpi Menu [Internet]. http://www.openepi.com/Menu/OE_Menu.htm. Accessed on May 14, 2024.

25 

Rafferty AR, Geraghty AA, Kennelly MA, O'Brien EC, Reji RM, Mehegan J, Segurado R, Smith T, Maguire O, Cronin M and McAuliffe FM: Limited impact of fetal sex and maternal body mass index on fetal and maternal insulin resistance and lipid metabolism: Findings from the PEARs study. Reprod Sci. 27:513–522. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Yamashita H, Yasuhi I, Koga M, Sugimi S, Umezaki Y, Fukuoka M, Suga S, Fukuda M and Kusuda N: Fetal sex and maternal insulin resistance during mid-pregnancy: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 20(560)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Houghton DJ, Shackleton P, Obiekwe BC and Chard T: Relationship of maternal and fetal levels of human placental lactogen to the weight and sex of the fetus. Placenta. 5:455–458. 1984.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Toriola AT, Vääräsmäki M, Lehtinen M, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Lundin E, Rodgers KG, Lakso HA, Chen T, Schock H, Hallmans G, et al: Determinants of maternal sex steroids during the first half of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 118:1029–1036. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Lombardo MF, De Angelis F, Bova L, Bartolini B, Bertuzzi F, Nano R, Capuani B, Lauro R, Federici M, Lauro D and Donadel G: Human placental lactogen (hPL-A) activates signaling pathways linked to cell survival and improves insulin secretion in human pancreatic islets. Islets. 3:250–258. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Livingstone C and Collison M: Sex steroids and insulin resistance. Clin Sci (Lond). 102:151–166. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Skvarca A, Tomazic M, Blagus R, Krhin B and Janez A: Adiponectin/leptin ratio and insulin resistance in pregnancy. J Int Med Res. 41:123–128. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Mongraw-Chaffin ML, Anderson CAM, Allison MA, Ouyang P, Szklo M, Vaidya D, Woodward M and Golden SH: Association between sex hormones and adiposity: Qualitative differences in women and men in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 100:E596–E600. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Francis EC, Dabelea D, Shankar K and Perng W: Maternal diet quality during pregnancy is associated with biomarkers of metabolic risk among male offspring. Diabetologia. 64:2478–2490. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Catalano PM, Hoegh M, Minium J, Huston-Presley L, Bernard S, Kalhan S and Hauguel-De Mouzon S: Adiponectin in human pregnancy: Implications for regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Diabetologia. 49:1677–1685. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Mørkrid K, Jenum AK, Sletner L, Vårdal MH, Waage CW, Nakstad B, Vangen S and Birkeland KI: Failure to increase insulin secretory capacity during pregnancy-induced insulin resistance is associated with ethnicity and gestational diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 167:579–588. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Wang X, Li W, Ma L, Ping F, Liu J, Wu X, Mao J, Wang X and Nie M: Investigation of miRNA-binding site variants and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese pregnant women. Acta Diabetol. 54:309–316. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Huang C, Snider F and Cross JC: Prolactin receptor is required for normal glucose homeostasis and modulation of beta-cell mass during pregnancy. Endocrinology. 150:1618–1626. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Scheinman EJ, Damouni R, Caspi A, Shen-Orr Z, Tiosano D and Leroith D: The beneficial effect of growth hormone treatment on islet mass in streptozotocin-treated mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 31:492–499. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Kayaniyil S, Retnakaran R, Harris SB, Vieth R, Knight JA, Gerstein HC, Perkins BA, Zinman B and Hanley AJ: Prospective associations of vitamin D with β-cell function and glycemia: The PROspective metabolism and ISlet cell evaluation (PROMISE) cohort study. Diabetes. 60:2947–2953. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Shields BM, Knight B, Hopper H, Hill A, Powell RJ, Hattersley AT and Clark PM: Measurement of cord insulin and insulin-related peptides suggests that girls are more insulin resistant than boys at birth. Diabetes Care. 30:2661–2666. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hamdan HZ, Ahmed SF, Eltayeb MM, Rayis DA and Adam I: No effect of fetal sex on maternal insulin resistance: A cross‑sectional study. World Acad Sci J 7: 9, 2025.
APA
Hamdan, H.Z., Ahmed, S.F., Eltayeb, M.M., Rayis, D.A., & Adam, I. (2025). No effect of fetal sex on maternal insulin resistance: A cross‑sectional study. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 9. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.297
MLA
Hamdan, H. Z., Ahmed, S. F., Eltayeb, M. M., Rayis, D. A., Adam, I."No effect of fetal sex on maternal insulin resistance: A cross‑sectional study". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.1 (2025): 9.
Chicago
Hamdan, H. Z., Ahmed, S. F., Eltayeb, M. M., Rayis, D. A., Adam, I."No effect of fetal sex on maternal insulin resistance: A cross‑sectional study". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 1 (2025): 9. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.297
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hamdan HZ, Ahmed SF, Eltayeb MM, Rayis DA and Adam I: No effect of fetal sex on maternal insulin resistance: A cross‑sectional study. World Acad Sci J 7: 9, 2025.
APA
Hamdan, H.Z., Ahmed, S.F., Eltayeb, M.M., Rayis, D.A., & Adam, I. (2025). No effect of fetal sex on maternal insulin resistance: A cross‑sectional study. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 9. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.297
MLA
Hamdan, H. Z., Ahmed, S. F., Eltayeb, M. M., Rayis, D. A., Adam, I."No effect of fetal sex on maternal insulin resistance: A cross‑sectional study". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.1 (2025): 9.
Chicago
Hamdan, H. Z., Ahmed, S. F., Eltayeb, M. M., Rayis, D. A., Adam, I."No effect of fetal sex on maternal insulin resistance: A cross‑sectional study". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 1 (2025): 9. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.297
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team