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Review Open Access

Insights into ocular cancer oncogenesis (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ravi Parashar
    • Anju Dewangan
    • Kajal Thakur
    • Pooja Thakur
    • Prabha Sahu
    • Preeti K. Suresh
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: University Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Technology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Amanaka, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
    Copyright: © Parashar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 19
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    Published online on: December 27, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.307
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Abstract

Ocular cancer refers to a cancerous growth in any part of the eye. Ocular cancer primarily manifests as one of four types: Uveal melanoma, conjunctival melanoma, retinoblastoma, or ocular surface squamous neoplasia. It can arise in three key areas of the eye: The orbit, the adnexal structure and the eyeball. In cancer, oncogenes are activated from proto‑oncogenes. An oncogene is a malfunctioning gene in a cell caused by mutation or gene fusion (a proto‑oncogene) or overexpression. There are certain specific oncogenes implicated in ocular cancer, such as the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene, guanine nucleotide binding protein alpha 11 (GNA11), G protein subunit alpha Q (GNAQ) and tumor protein 53. Of note, >90% of instances of uveal melanoma are caused by activating mutations in GNA11 and GNAQ. Oncogene activation occurs through several mechanisms involving genetic, epigenetic and environmental variables. Biomarkers trigger the activation of this type of oncogene. A biomarker is a quantifiable trait or indicator that can be used to test or measure biological functioning, disease states, or therapeutic responses. Certain target therapies (such as radiation therapy, gene therapy, surgery, combination therapy, and immunotherapy) are used in cancer treatment.  The present review aimed to provide a more thorough understanding of the involvement of oncogenes in ocular melanoma. It is hoped that this may aid in the treatment of several forms of ocular cancer. Understanding the mutated gene may assist in the discovery of a cure or treatment for the cancer caused by that particular gene.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Parashar R, Dewangan A, Thakur K, Thakur P, Sahu P and Suresh PK: Insights into ocular cancer oncogenesis (Review). World Acad Sci J 7: 19, 2025.
APA
Parashar, R., Dewangan, A., Thakur, K., Thakur, P., Sahu, P., & Suresh, P.K. (2025). Insights into ocular cancer oncogenesis (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 19. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.307
MLA
Parashar, R., Dewangan, A., Thakur, K., Thakur, P., Sahu, P., Suresh, P. K."Insights into ocular cancer oncogenesis (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.2 (2025): 19.
Chicago
Parashar, R., Dewangan, A., Thakur, K., Thakur, P., Sahu, P., Suresh, P. K."Insights into ocular cancer oncogenesis (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 2 (2025): 19. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.307
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Parashar R, Dewangan A, Thakur K, Thakur P, Sahu P and Suresh PK: Insights into ocular cancer oncogenesis (Review). World Acad Sci J 7: 19, 2025.
APA
Parashar, R., Dewangan, A., Thakur, K., Thakur, P., Sahu, P., & Suresh, P.K. (2025). Insights into ocular cancer oncogenesis (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 19. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.307
MLA
Parashar, R., Dewangan, A., Thakur, K., Thakur, P., Sahu, P., Suresh, P. K."Insights into ocular cancer oncogenesis (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.2 (2025): 19.
Chicago
Parashar, R., Dewangan, A., Thakur, K., Thakur, P., Sahu, P., Suresh, P. K."Insights into ocular cancer oncogenesis (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 2 (2025): 19. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.307
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