Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
World Academy of Sciences Journal
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2632-2900 Online ISSN: 2632-2919
Journal Cover
March-April 2025 Volume 7 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-April 2025 Volume 7 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Evaluation of CXCL12, carbohydrate antigen CA15.3, calcium and parathyroid hormone as potential biomarkers for bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer

  • Authors:
    • Baqer A. Altimmime
    • Farah A. Rashid
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al‑Nahrain University, Al-Jadiriya, Baghdad 10070, Iraq
    Copyright: © Altimmime et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 21
    |
    Published online on: December 31, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.309
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Bone is a common site for tumor cells to settle in breast cancer. It has been reported that ~70% of patients with breast cancer experience bone metastasis. C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) is a chemokine, which plays a crucial role in bone metastasis. Currently, the diagnostic biomarkers and risk factors associated with bone metastasis are limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether CXCL12, carbohydrate antigen 15.3 (CA15.3), a comparative biomarker, and the bone‑related biomarkers, calcium (Ca2+) and parathyroid hormone (PTH), could be used as diagnostic biomarkers and independent risk factors for the early detection and treatment of bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer. The present case control and cross‑sectional study consisted of 25 participants who served as the control group, 25 patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer, 25 patients treated for primary breast cancer and 20 patients with breast cancer and bone metastasis. The CXCL12, CA15.3 and PTH levels were analyzed using sandwich ELISA. In addition, the Ca2+ levels were measured using colorimetric assay. The results revealed that the levels of CXCL12 were significantly increased. In addition, the levels of Ca2+ were slightly increased, whereas the PTH levels were notably decreased in patients with breast cancer experiencing bone metastasis. In addition, CXCL12 exhibited a higher diagnostic accuracy [area under the curve (AUC), 0.7940; P=0.0008] at a cut‑off value of >1,392 pg/ml compared with CA15.3 (AUC, 0.6579; P=0.0756; cut‑off, >21.50 U/ml). Additionally, PTH displayed a higher diagnostic accuracy (AUC, 0.7280; P=0.0092) for bone metastasis compared with Ca2+ (AUC, 0.6792; P=0.0427). Notably, the diagnostic accuracy was increased (AUC, 0.8040; P=0.0005) after combining CXCL12 and CA13.5. Furthermore, CXCL12, CA15.3 and PTH were identified as independent risk factors for bone metastasis. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that CXCL12, CA15.3 and PTH may be considered as promising independent risk factors, which could assist the early detection of bone metastasis and the selection of treatment for patients with breast cancer.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

Zhang H, Zuh W, Biskup E, Yang W, Yang Z, Wang H, Qiu X, Zhang C and Hu G and Hu G: Incidence, risk factors and prognostic characteristics of bone metastases and skeletal-related events (SREs) in breast cancer patients: A systematic review of the real world data. J Bone Oncol. 11:38–50. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Coleman RE: Clinical features of metastatic bone disease and risk of skeletal morbidity. Clin Cancer Res. 12:6243S–6249S. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Gambardella C, Mongardini FM, Paolicelli M, Bentivoglio D, Cozzolino G, Ruggiero R, Pizza A, Tolone S, Del Genio G, Parisi S, et al: Role of inflammatory biomarkers (NLR, LMR, PLR) in the prognostication of malignancy in indeterminate thyroid nodules. Int J Mol Sci. 24(6466)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Tumer AA and Rashid FA: The relationship between circulating irisin and oxidative stress in gastric and colorectal cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 23:2649–2654. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Wang J, Loberg R and Taichman RS: The pivotal role of CXCL12 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 axis in bone metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 25:573–587. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Sasaki K, Natsugoe S, Ishigami S, Matsumoto M, Okumura H, Setoyama T, Uchikado Y, Kita Y, Tamotsu K, Hanazono K, et al: Expression of CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 21:65–71. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Machelon V, Gaudin F, Camilleri-Broët S, Nasreddine S, Bouchet-Delbos L, Pujade-Lauraine E, Alexandre J, Gladieff L, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Emilie D, et al: CXCL12 expression by healthy and malignant ovarian epithelial cells. BMC Cancer. 11(97)2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Schrader AJ, Lechner O, Templin M, Dittmar KE, Machtens S, Mengel M, Probst-Kepper M, Franzke A, Wollensak T, Gatzlaff P, et al: CXCR4/CXCL12 expression and signalling in kidney cancer. Br J Cancer. 86:1250–1256. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Potić Floranović M, Ristić Petrović A, Veličković F and Janković Veličković L: Expression and prognostic value of CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Nephrol. 25:1057–1069. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Mousavi A, Hashemzadeh S, Bahrami T, Estiar MA, Feizi MAH, Pouladi N, Rostamizadeh L and Sakhinia E: Expression patterns of CXCL12 and its receptor in colorectal carcinoma. Clin Lab. 64:871–876. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Sun Y, Mao X, Fan C, Liu C, Guo A, Guan S, Jin Q, Li B, Yao F and Jin F: CXCL12-CXCR4 axis promotes the natural selection of breast cancer cell metastasis. Tumour Biol. 35:7765–7773. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Teicher BA and Fricker SP: CXCL12 (SDF-1)/CXCR4 pathway in cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 16:2927–2931. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Łukaszewicz-Zając M, Mroczko B, Kozłowski M and Szmitkowski M: The serum concentrations of chemokine CXCL12 and its specific receptor CXCR4 in patients with esophageal cancer. Dis Markers. 2016(7963895)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Dabrowska E, Przylipiak A, Zajkowska M, Piskor BM, Sidorkiewicz I, Szmitkowski M and Lawicki S: Possible diagnostic application of CXCL12 and CXCR4 as tumor markers in breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 40:3221–3229. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Fejzić H, Mujagić S, Azabagić S and Burina M: Tumor marker CA 15-3 in breast cancer patients. Acta Med Acad. 44:39–46. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Zhang Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, Cai W, Zhang X, Li K, Liu W, Zhao Y and Kang H: Changes of tumor markers in patients with breast cancer during postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Dis Markers. 2022(7739777)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Chu WG and Ryu DW: Clinical significance of serum CA15-3 as a prognostic parameter during follow-up periods in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg Treat Res. 90:57–63. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Yerushalmi R, Tyldesley S, Kennecke H, Speers C, Woods R, Knight B and Gelmon KA: Tumor markers in metastatic breast cancer subtypes: Frequency of elevation and correlation with outcome. Ann Oncol. 23:338–345. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Sturgeon CM, Lai CL and Duffy MJ: Serum tumour markers: How to order and interpret them. BMJ. 339(b3527)2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Prevarskaya N, Ouadid-Ahidouch H, Skryma R and Shuba Y: Remodelling of Ca2+ transport in cancer: How it contributes to cancer hallmarks? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 369(20130097)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Monteith GR, Davis FM and Roberts-Thomson SJ: Calcium channels and pumps in cancer: Changes and consequences. J Biol Chem. 287:31666–31673. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Monteith GR, McAndrew D, Faddy HM and Roberts-Thomson SJ: Calcium and cancer: Targeting Ca2+ transport. Nat Rev Cancer. 7:519–530. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Schwartz GG: Prostate cancer, serum parathyroid hormone, and the progression of skeletal metastases. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 17:478–483. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Yang Z, Yue Z, Ma X and Xu Z: Calcium homeostasis: A potential vicious cycle of bone metastasis in breast cancers. Front Oncol. 10(293)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Almuradova E and Cicin I: Cancer-related hypercalcemia and potential treatments. Front Endocrinol. 14(1039490)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Huang P, Lan M, Peng AF, Yu QF, Chen WZ, Liu ZL, Liu JM and Huang SH: Serum calcium, alkaline phosphotase and hemoglobin as risk factors for bone metastases in bladder cancer. PLoS One. 12(e0183835)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Potts JT and Gardella TJ: Chapter 6-Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium Homeostasis, in Pediatric Bone. (Second Edition), Glorieux FH, Pettifor JM, and Jüppner H: Academic Press, San Diego. pp109-140, 2012.

28 

Brown HK, Allocca G, Ottewell PD, Wang N, Brown NJ, Croucher PI, Eaton CL and Holen I: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases skeletal tumour growth and alters tumour distribution in an in vivo model of breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 19(2920)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Zissimopoulos A, Stellos K, Matthaios D, Petrakis G, Parmenopoulou V, Babatsikou F, Matthaiou E, Theodosiadou E, Hountis P and Koutis C: Type I collagen biomarkers in the diagnosis of bone metastases in breast cancer, lung cancer, urinary bladder cancer and prostate cancer. Comparison to CEA, CA 15-3, PSA and bone scintigraphy. J BUON. 14:463–472. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Tähtelä R and Thölix E: Serum concentrations of type I collagen carboxyterminal telopeptide (ICTP) and type I procollagen carboxy-and aminoterminal propeptides (PICP, PINP) as biomarkers of metastatic bone disease in breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 16:2289–2293. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Wang W, Xu X, Tian B, Wang Y, Du L, Sun T, Shi Y, Zhao X and Jing J: The diagnostic value of serum tumor biomarkers CEA, CA19-9, CA125, CA15-3, and TPS in metastatic breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta. 470:51–55. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Manders K, van de Poll-Franse LV, Creemers GJ, Vreugdenhil G, van der Sangen MJ, Nieuwenhuijzen GA, Roumen RM and Voogd AC: Clinical management of women with metastatic breast cancer: A descriptive study according to age group. BMC Cancer. 6(179)2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Coleman RE, Smith P and Rubens RD: Clinical course and prognostic factors following bone recurrence from breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 77:336–340. 1998.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Motyka J, Gacuta E, Kicman A, Kulesza M, Malinowski P and Ławicki S: CXCL12 and CXCR4 as potential early biomarkers for luminal A and luminal B subtypes of breast cancer. Cancer Manag Res. 15:573–589. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Neesanun S and Sriuranpong V: Association of plasma CXCL12 level and bone metastasis in advance stage non-small cell lung cancer patients in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. J Clin Oncol. 33 (15_suppl)(e19099)2015.

36 

Turanli S and Cetin A: Prognostic role of serum cancer antigen 15-3 in breast cancer patients with isolated bone metastases. Biomarkers. 15:418–423. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Cao R and Wang LP: Serological diagnosis of liver metastasis in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Biol Med. 9:57–62. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Chen WZ, Shen JF, Zhou Y, Chen XY, Liu JM and Liu ZL: Clinical characteristics and risk factors for developing bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. Sci Rep. 7(11325)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Altimmime BA and Rashid FA: Evaluation of CXCL12, carbohydrate antigen CA15.3, calcium and parathyroid hormone as potential biomarkers for bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer. World Acad Sci J 7: 21, 2025.
APA
Altimmime, B.A., & Rashid, F.A. (2025). Evaluation of CXCL12, carbohydrate antigen CA15.3, calcium and parathyroid hormone as potential biomarkers for bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 21. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.309
MLA
Altimmime, B. A., Rashid, F. A."Evaluation of CXCL12, carbohydrate antigen CA15.3, calcium and parathyroid hormone as potential biomarkers for bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.2 (2025): 21.
Chicago
Altimmime, B. A., Rashid, F. A."Evaluation of CXCL12, carbohydrate antigen CA15.3, calcium and parathyroid hormone as potential biomarkers for bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 2 (2025): 21. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.309
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Altimmime BA and Rashid FA: Evaluation of CXCL12, carbohydrate antigen CA15.3, calcium and parathyroid hormone as potential biomarkers for bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer. World Acad Sci J 7: 21, 2025.
APA
Altimmime, B.A., & Rashid, F.A. (2025). Evaluation of CXCL12, carbohydrate antigen CA15.3, calcium and parathyroid hormone as potential biomarkers for bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 21. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.309
MLA
Altimmime, B. A., Rashid, F. A."Evaluation of CXCL12, carbohydrate antigen CA15.3, calcium and parathyroid hormone as potential biomarkers for bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.2 (2025): 21.
Chicago
Altimmime, B. A., Rashid, F. A."Evaluation of CXCL12, carbohydrate antigen CA15.3, calcium and parathyroid hormone as potential biomarkers for bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 2 (2025): 21. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2024.309
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team