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Article Special Issue Open Access

Inhibition of nasopharynx cancer cells by selected flavonoids in vitro and molecular docking analysis of BCL‑w anti‑apoptotic protein

This article is part of the special Issue: Natural Products & Phytotherapeutics - Preclinical and Human Studies
  • Authors:
    • Maelinda Daker
    • Anand Gaurav
    • Gabriel Akyirem Akowuah
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor 40170, Malaysia, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India, Monash University Malaysia, School of Pharmacy, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
    Copyright: © Daker et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 40
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    Published online on: February 20, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.328
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Abstract

Current treatments for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a type of cancer that develops from the epithelium of the nasopharynx, are often associated with potential toxicities. Moreover, NPC continues to be a considerable cause of morbidity and mortality. The breakthrough of novel therapeutic strategies is crucial in order to obtain improved treatment results. B‑cell lymphoma‑w (BCL‑w) is an anti‑apoptotic member of the B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (BCL‑2) family of proteins. BCL‑w exhibits high conformational flexibility and could be exploited to develop inhibitors selective of BCL‑w. The inhibition of BCL‑w may benefit patients with cancer. Flavonoids exhibit diverse bioactivity, including anticancer activity. The present study investigated selected flavonoids, apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin and their respective glycosides, for their inhibitory effects on NPC cells. Flavonoids were evaluated in a concentration‑ and time‑dependent manner using a colorimetric assay, and the findings were then verified using a real‑time, impedance‑based cell analyser. Molecular docking analyses were conducted on the selected flavonoids against BCL‑w as the target site. The aglycones (apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin and quercetin) were more potent than their respective O‑glycosides, while the C‑glycosides exhibited no activity on NPC cells. The molecular docking analyses of the selected flavonoids and their glycoside derivatives as ligands and the ligand binding site of BCL‑w as the target site revealed varying degrees of binding affinity to the binding site. Cynaroside had the highest binding affinity among the flavonoids evaluated. Apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol and quercetin markedly inhibited NPC cell viability. Dietary flavones and flavonols may thus provide potency on NPC cells. The results from the molecular docking analyses may be further used in designing new derivatives with improved binding affinity with BCL‑w. 
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Daker M, Gaurav A and Akowuah GA: Inhibition of nasopharynx cancer cells by selected flavonoids <em>in vitro</em> and molecular docking analysis of BCL‑w anti‑apoptotic protein. World Acad Sci J 7: 40, 2025.
APA
Daker, M., Gaurav, A., & Akowuah, G.A. (2025). Inhibition of nasopharynx cancer cells by selected flavonoids <em>in vitro</em> and molecular docking analysis of BCL‑w anti‑apoptotic protein. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 40. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.328
MLA
Daker, M., Gaurav, A., Akowuah, G. A."Inhibition of nasopharynx cancer cells by selected flavonoids <em>in vitro</em> and molecular docking analysis of BCL‑w anti‑apoptotic protein". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.3 (2025): 40.
Chicago
Daker, M., Gaurav, A., Akowuah, G. A."Inhibition of nasopharynx cancer cells by selected flavonoids <em>in vitro</em> and molecular docking analysis of BCL‑w anti‑apoptotic protein". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 3 (2025): 40. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.328
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Daker M, Gaurav A and Akowuah GA: Inhibition of nasopharynx cancer cells by selected flavonoids <em>in vitro</em> and molecular docking analysis of BCL‑w anti‑apoptotic protein. World Acad Sci J 7: 40, 2025.
APA
Daker, M., Gaurav, A., & Akowuah, G.A. (2025). Inhibition of nasopharynx cancer cells by selected flavonoids <em>in vitro</em> and molecular docking analysis of BCL‑w anti‑apoptotic protein. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 40. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.328
MLA
Daker, M., Gaurav, A., Akowuah, G. A."Inhibition of nasopharynx cancer cells by selected flavonoids <em>in vitro</em> and molecular docking analysis of BCL‑w anti‑apoptotic protein". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.3 (2025): 40.
Chicago
Daker, M., Gaurav, A., Akowuah, G. A."Inhibition of nasopharynx cancer cells by selected flavonoids <em>in vitro</em> and molecular docking analysis of BCL‑w anti‑apoptotic protein". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 3 (2025): 40. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.328
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