|
1
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Monkeypox Travel. Travel. CDC, Atlanda, GA, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/travel/index.html.
Accessed on October 17, 2022.
|
|
2
|
Yang Z: Monkeypox: A potential global
threat? J Med Virol. 94:4034–4036. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
3
|
World Health Organization (WHO): WHO
Director-General declares the ongoing monkeypox outbreak a Public
Health Emergency of International Concern. WHO, Geneva, 2022.
https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/23-07-2022-who-director-general-declares-the-ongoing-monkeypox-outbreak-a-public-health-event-of-international-concern.
|
|
4
|
World Health Organization (WHO): Fifth
meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency
Committee on the multi-country outbreak of monkeypox (mpox). WHO,
Gemeva, 2023. https://www.who.int/news/item/11-05-2023-fifth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-(ihr)-emergency-committee-on-the-multi-country-outbreak-of-monkeypox-(mpox).
|
|
5
|
World Health Organization (WHO): WHO
Director-General declares mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency
of International Concern. WHO, Geneva, 2024. https://www.who.int/news/item/14-08-2024-who-director-general-declares-mpox-outbreak-a-public-health-emergency-of-international-concern.
|
|
6
|
World Health Organization (WHO): Monkeypox
situation in the WHO European Region. WHO, Geneva. https://www.who.int/europe/emergencies/situations/monkeypox.
|
|
7
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): One Health: About. CDC, Atlanta, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/.
|
|
8
|
World Health Organization (WHO): One
Health. WHO, Geneva. https://www.who.int/health-topics/one-health#tab=tab_1.
|
|
9
|
World Health Organization (WHO): Mpox fact
sheet. WHO, Geneva, 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mpox.
|
|
10
|
International Committee on Taxonomy of
Viruses: ICTV: Family: Poxviridae. Poxviridae. International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, 2009. https://ictv.global/report_9th/dsDNA/poxviridae.
Accessed on October 17, 2022.
|
|
11
|
Realegeno S, Puschnik AS, Kumar A,
Goldsmith C, Burgado J, Sambhara S, Olson VA, Carroll D, Damon I,
Hirata T, et al: Monkeypox virus host factor screen using haploid
cells identifies essential role of GARP complex in extracellular
virus formation. J Virol. 91:e00011–17. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
12
|
Rizk JG, Lippi G, Henry BM, Forthal DN and
Rizk Y: Prevention and treatment of monkeypox. Drugs. 82:957–963.
2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
13
|
Rheinbaben F, Gebel J, Exner M, Mercer A,
Weber O and Schmidt A: Environmental resistance, disinfection, and
sterilization of poxviruses. In: Poxviruses. 1st edition. Basel,
Switzerland, Birkhäuser Basel, pp397-405, 2007 (Birkhäuser Advances
in Infectious Diseases).
|
|
14
|
Essbauer S, Meyer H, Porsch-Ozcürümez M
and Pfeffer M: Long-lasting stability of vaccinia virus
(orthopoxvirus) in food and environmental samples. Zoonoses Public
Health. 54:118–124. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
15
|
Morgan CN, Whitehill F, Doty JB, Schulte
J, Matheny A, Stringer J, Delaney LJ, Esparza R, Rao AK and
McCollum AM: Environmental persistence of monkeypox virus on
surfaces in household of person with travel-associated infection,
Dallas, Texas, USA, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 28:1982–1989.
2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
16
|
European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control: Factsheet for Health Professionals on Monkeypox, 2022.
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/monkeypox/factsheet-health-professionals.
Accessed on September 27, 2022.
|
|
17
|
Guarner J, Del Rio C and Malani PN:
Monkeypox in 2022-What clinicians need to know. JAMA. 328:139–140.
2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
18
|
O'Toole Á and Rambaut A: Initial
observations about putative APOBEC3 deaminase editing driving
short-term evolution of MPXV since 2017. Virological. ARTIC
Network, 2022. https://virological.org/t/initial-observations-about-putative-apobec3-deaminase-editing-driving-short-term-evolution-of-mpxv-since-2017/830.
Accessed on October 23, 2022.
|
|
19
|
Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, Frace AM,
Li Y, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Davidson W, Galloway R, Khristova ML,
Reynolds MG, et al: A tale of two clades: Monkeypox viruses. J Gen
Virol. 86:2661–2672. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
20
|
World Health Organization (WHO):
Monkeypox: Experts give virus variants new names. News Release.
WHO, Geneva, 2022. https://www.who.int/news/item/12-08-2022-monkeypox-experts-give-virus-variants-new-names.
Accessed on October 17, 2022.
|
|
21
|
Chen N, Li G, Liszewski MK, Atkinson JP,
Jahrling PB, Feng Z, Schriewer J, Buck C, Wang C, Lefkowitz EJ, et
al: Virulence differences between monkeypox virus isolates from
West Africa and the Congo basin. Virology. 340:46–63.
2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
22
|
Saijo M, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Nagata N, Iwata
N, Hasegawa H, Iizuka I, Shiota T, Sakai K, Ogata M, et al:
Virulence and pathophysiology of the Congo Basin and West African
strains of monkeypox virus in non-human primates. J Gen Virol.
90:2266–2271. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
23
|
Brown K and Leggat PA: Human monkeypox:
Current state of knowledge and implications for the future. Trop
Med Infect Dis. 1(8)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
24
|
Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Ogoina D,
Aworabhi N, Eteng W, Badaru S, Mohammed A, Agenyi J, Etebu EN,
Numbere TW, et al: Reemergence of human monkeypox in Nigeria, 2017.
Emerg Infect Dis. 24:1149–1151. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
25
|
Vakaniaki EH, Kacita C, Kinganda-Lusamaki
E, O'Toole Á, Wawina-Bokalanga T, Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Amuri-Aziza A,
Malyamungu-Bubala N, Mweshi-Kumbana F, Mutimbwa-Mambo L, et al:
Sustained human outbreak of a new MPXV clade I lineage in eastern
Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nat Med. 2024;30:2791–5.
|
|
26
|
Karagoz A, Tombuloglu H, Alsaeed M,
Tombuloglu G, AlRubaish AA, Mahmoud A, Smajlović S, Ćordić S,
Rabaan AA and Alsuhaimi E: Monkeypox (mpox) virus: Classification,
origin, transmission, genome organization, antiviral drugs, and
molecular diagnosis. J Infect Public Health. 16:531–541.
2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
27
|
Curaudeau M, Besombes C, Nakouné E,
Fontanet A, Gessain A and Hassanin A: Identifying the most probable
mammal reservoir hosts for Monkeypox virus based on ecological
niche comparisons. Viruses. 15(727)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
28
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Past U.S. cases and outbreaks. CDC, Atlanda, GA. https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/outbreaks/past-us-cases/index.html.
Accessed on September, 2023.
|
|
29
|
Pinto P, Costa MA, Gonçalves MF, Rodrigues
AG and Lisboa C: Mpox person-to-person transmission-where have we
got so far? A systematic review. Viruses. 15(1074)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
30
|
Zebardast A, Latifi T, Shafiei-Jandaghi
NZ, Gholami Barzoki M and Shatizadeh Malekshahi S: Plausible
reasons for the resurgence of Mpox (formerly Monkeypox): An
overview. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines. 9(23)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
31
|
Duda R, Betoulet JM, Besombes C, Mbrenga
F, Borzykh Y, Nakouné E and Giles-Vernick T: A time of decline: An
eco-anthropological and ethnohistorical investigation of mpox in
the Central African Republic. PLOS Glob Public Health.
4(e0002937)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
32
|
McCollum AM, Shelus V, Hill A, Traore T,
Onoja B, Nakazawa Y, Doty JB, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Petersen BW, Hutson
CL and Lewis R: Epidemiology of human mpox-worldwide, 2018-2021.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 72:68–72. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
33
|
Gao S, Zeng Z, Zhai Y, Chen F, Feng X, Xu
H, Kan W, Lu J, Zhou J and Chen Z: Driving effect of multiplex
factors on Mpox in global high-risk region, implication for Mpox
based on one health concept. One Health. 17(100597)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
34
|
Lin M, Xin Y, Wang J, Nie P, Yan Q and
Wang L and Wang L: Analysing monkeypox epidemic drivers: Policy
simulation and multi-index modelling across 39 nations. J Glob
Health. 14(04037)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
35
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): About one health. CDC, Atlanda, GA. https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/index.html.
Accessed on October 1, 2023.
|
|
36
|
Islam M, Rahman A and Rahman MT: One
health: A must-needed approach for dealing with Monkeypox. J Res
Vet Sci. 3:52–55. 2024.
|
|
37
|
World Health Organization (WHO):
Monkeypox. WHO, Geneva, 2022 https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox.
Accessed on October 1, 2023.
|
|
38
|
European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control (ECDC): ECDC releases first update to its rapid risk
assessment on the Monkeypox outbreak. Media Centre. ECDC,
Stockholm, 2022 https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/ecdc-releases-first-update-its-rapid-risk-assessment-monkeypox-outbreak.
Accesse on October 17, 2022.
|
|
39
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Monkeypox virus infection in the United States and other
non-endemic countries-2022. HAN Archive-00466. CDC, Geneva, 2022
https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/han00466.asp.
Accessed on 17 October, 2022.
|
|
40
|
Antinori A, Mazzotta V, Vita S, Carletti
F, Tacconi D, Lapini LE, D'Abramo A, Cicalini S, Lapa D, Pittalis
S, et al: Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics
of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual
contact, Italy, May 2022. Euro Surveill. 27(2200421)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
41
|
Mbala PK, Huggins JW, Riu-Rovira T, Ahuka
SM, Mulembakani P, Rimoin AW, Martin JW and Muyembe JT: Maternal
and fetal outcomes among pregnant women with human monkeypox
infection in the democratic Republic of Congo. J Infect Dis.
216:824–828. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
42
|
Nolen LD, Osadebe L, Katomba J, Likofata
J, Mukadi D, Monroe B, Doty J, Kalemba L, Malekani J, Kabamba J, et
al: Introduction of monkeypox into a community and household: Risk
factors and zoonotic reservoirs in the democratic Republic of the
Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 93:410–415. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
43
|
Cases of monkeypox confirmed in England.
Monkeypox case in England. GOV.UK, 2018 [cited 2022 Oct 17].
Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/monkeypox-case-in-england.
|
|
44
|
Reynolds MG, Yorita KL, Kuehnert MJ,
Davidson WB, Huhn GD, Holman RC and Damon IK: Clinical
manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection.
J Infect Dis. 194:773–780. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View
Article : Google Scholar
|
|
45
|
World Health Organization (WHO): 2020
[cited 2024 Sept 30]. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20220605103903/https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/monkeypox-democratic-republic-of-the-congo.
|
|
46
|
World Health Organization (WHO). Mpox
(Monkeypox)-Democratic Republic of the Congo. World Health
Organization, WHO, Geneva, 2023. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON493.
Accessed on September 30, 2024.
|
|
47
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): About Mpox. 2024 [cited 2024 Sept 30]. Available from:
https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/about/index.html.
|
|
48
|
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention: Mpox virus. CDC, Atlanda, GA, 2003. https://www.cdc.gov/orr/responses/mpox-virus.html.
Accessed on September 30, 2024.
|
|
49
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious
Diseases (U.S.): Division of high-consequence pathogens and
pathology. 2003 United States outbreak of Monkeypox. CDC, Atlanda,
GA, 2018. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/108095. Accessed on
September 30, 2024.
|
|
50
|
Centers for disease control and prevention
(CDC): CDC Archives. CDC, Atlanda, GA, 2024. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?q=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/response/2022/index.html&start=0&rows=10&url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/response/2022/index.html.
Accessed on September 30, 2024.
|
|
51
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Mpox in the United States and around the world: Current
situation. CDC, Atlanda, GA, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/situation-summary/index.html.
Accessed on September 30, 2024.
|
|
52
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): CDC Archives. CDC, Atlanda, GA, 2024. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?archive_url=https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/poxvirus/mpox/response/2022/us-map.htmls.
Accessed on September 30, 2024.
|
|
53
|
World Health Organization (WHO):
Multi-country outbreak of mpox. External situation report 35,
published 12 August 2024. Data as received by WHO from national
authorities as of 30 June 2024. WHO, Geneva, 2024. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20240812_mpox_external-sitrep_-35.pdf?sfvrsn=ee6307a_3&download=true.
Accessed on September 30, 2024.
|
|
54
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC). Mpox in the United States and around the world: Current
situation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, Atlanda,
GA, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/situation-summary/index.html#:~:text=The%20first%20case%20of%20clade,country%20experiencing%20sustained%20mpox%20transmission.
|
|
55
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): U.S. case trends: Clade II Mpox. CDC, Atlanda, GA, 2025.
https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/data-research/cases/index.html.
|
|
56
|
European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control (ECDC): Mpox.2023. ECDC, Stockholm, 2023. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/mpox#:~:text=In%202022%2C%20an%20mpox%20outbreak,humans%2C%20mainly%20through%20sexual%20contact.
|
|
57
|
European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control (ECDC): Communicable disease threats report week 7, 2025.
European Centre For Disease Prevention And Control (ECDC). ECDC,
Stockholm, 2025. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/communicable-disease-threats-report-week-7-2025.pdf.
|
|
58
|
European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control (ECDC): Epidemiological update, 14 January 2025: Mpox due
to monkeypox virus clade I. European Centre for Disease Prevention
and Control. ECDC, Atlanda, GA, 2025. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/news-events/epidemiological-update-14-january-2025-mpox-due-monkeypox-virus-clade-i.
|
|
59
|
Chinese Center For Disease Control and
Prevention; 2025 [cited 2025 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.chinacdc.cn/jksj/jksj01/202501/t20250109_303772.html.
|
|
60
|
Africa CDC: Outbreak report, 30 July 2024:
Mpox situation in Africa. 2024 [cited 2024 Sept 30]. Available
from: https://africacdc.org/disease-outbreak/mpox-situation-in-africa/.
|
|
61
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): https://africacdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/MPox-Situation-in-Africa.pdf.
Accessed on September 30, 2024.
|
|
62
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Fact sheet: United States response to the clade I MPOX
outbreak in several African countries. CDC, ATlanda, GA, 2024.
https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2024/s0822-mpox-outbreak.html.
Accessed on September 30, 2024.
|
|
63
|
World Health Organization (WHO): Mpox:
Multi-country externalsituation report no.47. WHO, Geneva, 2025.
https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/emergencies/mpox-multi-country-external-situation-report-no.-47.pdf?sfvrsn=896a25b3_2&download=true.
|
|
64
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Clade I MPOX outbreak originating in Central Africa. CDC,
Atlanda, GA, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/outbreaks/2023/index.html.
Accessed on February 12, 2023.
|
|
65
|
Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Jezek Z
and Ladnyi ID: Chapter 29, Human monkeypox and other poxvirus
infections of man. In: Smallpox and its Eradication. Geneva, World
Health Organization, pp1292-1297, 1988.
|
|
66
|
Ladnyj I, Ziegler P and Kima E: A human
infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory,
democratic republic of the Congo. U.S. National Library of
Medicine; [cited 2024 Sept 30]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4340218/.
|
|
67
|
Rimoin AW, Kisalu N, Kebela-Ilunga B,
Mukaba T, Wright LL, Formenty P, Wolfe ND, Shongo RL, Tshioko F,
Okitolonda E, et al: Endemic human monkeypox, democratic republic
of Congo, 2001-2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 13:934–937. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
68
|
Jezek Z and Fenner F: Human monkeypox. In:
Melnick JL (eds.). Monographs in virology. Vol. 17. Basel, Karger,
pp1-140, 1988.
|
|
69
|
CDC C for DC and P (CDC). Human
Monkeypox-Kasai Oriental, Democratic Republic of Congo, February
1996-October 1997. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1997 [cited
2024 Sept 30]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9408046/.
|
|
70
|
Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, Pebody
R, Loparev VN, Ropp SL, Rodriguez M, Knight JC, Tshioko FK, Khan
AS, et al: Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of
Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg Infect Dis. 7:434–438. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
71
|
Durski KN, McCollum AM, Nakazawa Y,
Petersen BW, Reynolds MG, Briand S, Djingarey MH, Olson V, Damon IK
and Khalakdina A: Emergence of monkeypox-west and Central Africa,
1970-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 67:306–310. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
72
|
Malik YS, Singh RK and Dhama K:
Animal-origin viral zoonoses. Epidemiology. Singapore, Springer,
pp48-52, 2.6, 2020.
|
|
73
|
Rimoin AW, Mulembakani PM, Johnston SC,
Lloyd Smith JO, Kisalu NK, Kinkela TL, Blumberg S, Thomassen HA,
Pike BL, Fair JN, et al: Major increase in human monkeypox
incidence 30 years after smallpox vaccination campaigns cease in
the Democratic Republic of Congo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
107:16262–16267. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
74
|
Nolen LD, Osadebe L, Katomba J, Likofata
J, Mukadi D, Monroe B, Doty J, Hughes CM, Kabamba J, Malekani J, et
al: Extended human-to-human transmission during a monkeypox
outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis.
22:1014–1021. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
75
|
World Helath Organization (WHO): 2020
https://web.archive.org/web/20220605103903/https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/monkeypox-democratic-republic-of-the-congo.
Accessed on September 30, 2024.
|
|
76
|
World Helath Organization (WHO): Mpox
(Monkeypox)-Democratic Republic of the Congo. WHO, Geneva, 2023.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON493.
Accessed on September 30, 2024.
|
|
77
|
World Helath Organization (WHO):
Mpox-Democratic Republic of the Congo. WHO, Geneva, 2024.
https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2024-DON522.
Accessed on September 30, 2024.
|
|
78
|
The Johns Hopkins University. Mpox virus:
Clade I and clade II. The Center for Outbreak Response Innovation
(CORI), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 2024.
https://publichealth.jhu.edu/sites/default/files/2024-07/mpox-su-71524.pdf.
|
|
79
|
Pittman PR, Martin JW, Kingebeni PM,
Tamfum JM, Mwema G, Wan Q, Ewala P, Alonga J, Bilulu G, Reynolds
MG, et al: Clinical characterization and placental pathology of
mpox infection in hospitalized patients in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 17(e0010384)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
80
|
Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F,
Weidenthaler H, Baer LR and Steffen R: The changing epidemiology of
human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl
Trop Dis. 16(e0010141)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
81
|
McQuiston JH, Luce R, Kazadi DM, Bwangandu
CN, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Anderson M, Prasher JM, Williams IT, Phan A,
Shelus V, et al: U.S. Preparedness and response to increasing clade
I mpox cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo-United States,
2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 73:435–440. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
82
|
Issacs S and Mitjà O: Epidemiology,
clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of monkeypox. In: UpToDate.
UpToDate Inc., Waltham MA, 2022. https://www-uptodate-com.library.iau.edu.sa/contents/epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-monkeypox?search=monkeypox&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~42&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#H1136462586.
|
|
83
|
World Health Organization (WHO). Mpox.
World Health Organization. WHO, Geneva, 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mpox.
|
|
84
|
The Johns Hopkins University. Mpox virus:
Clade I and clade II. Center for Outbreak Response Innovation
(CORI). The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA,. 2024,
September 23. https://publichealth.jhu.edu/sites/default/files/2024-09/Mpox-SU-9.23.24.pdf.
|
|
85
|
World Health Organization (WHO): 2022-24
mpox (Monkeypox) outbreak:global trends. WHO, Geneva, 202.
https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global/#3_Global_situation_update.
Accessed on September 30, 2024.
|
|
86
|
Global Center for Health Security: Clade I
MPOX outbreak originating in Central Africa. Global Center for
Health Security, Omaha, NE, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/outbreaks/2023/index.html.
Accessed on September 30, 2024.
|
|
87
|
Centers for disease control and prevention
(CDC): 2022 Monkeypox Outbreak Global Map. CDC, Atlanda, GA, 2022.
https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/response/2022/world-map.html.
Accessed on October 13, 2022.
|
|
88
|
The Johns Hopkins University: Mpox virus:
Clade I and clade II. Center for Outbreak Response Innovation
(CORI), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, 2025.
https://publichealth.jhu.edu/sites/default/files/2025-01/Mpox-SU-1.8.25.pdf.
|
|
89
|
Africa CDC: Mpox response plan envisions
support across 22 countries. Africa CDC, 2024, https://africacdc.org/news-item/mpox-response-plan-envisions-support-across-22-countries/.
|
|
90
|
Farahat RA, Sah R, El-Sakka AA, Benmelouka
AY, Kundu M, Labieb F, Shaheen RS, Abdelaal A, Abdelazeem B,
Bonilla-Aldana DK, et al: Human monkeypox disease (MPX). Infez Med.
30:372–391. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
91
|
World Health Organization (WHO):
Monkeypox. WHO, Geneva, 2022 https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/monkeypox?gclid=CjwKCAjwm8WZBhBUEiwA178UnDv3jof45ubTpkPHkoF4gR6kRJtZshtA_dTXpdtc0_3CD514y8FZ3hoCOOMQAvD_BwE.
Accessed on October 11, 2022.
|
|
92
|
Lapa D, Carletti F, Mazzotta V, Matusali
G, Pinnetti C, Meschi S, Gagliardini R, Colavita F, Mondi A,
Minosse C, et al: Monkeypox virus isolation from a semen sample
collected in the early phase of infection in a patient with
prolonged seminal viral shedding. Lancet Infect Dis. 22:1267–1269.
2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
93
|
Jenness SM, Begier EB, Neaigus A, Murrill
CS, Wendel T and Hagan H: Unprotected anal intercourse and sexually
transmitted diseases in high-risk heterosexual women. Am J Public
Health. 101:745–750. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
94
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Clinical considerations for treatment and prophylaxis of
monkeypox virus infection in people with HIV. CDC, Geneva, 2022.
https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/people-with-HIV.html.
Accessed on October 11, 2022.
|
|
95
|
Thornhill J, Barkati S, Walmsley S,
Rockstroh J, Antinori A, Harrison L, Palich R, Nori A, Reeves I,
Habibi MS, et al: Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16
countries-April-June 2022. N Engl J Med. 387:679–691.
2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
96
|
Awan U, Riasat S, Naeem W, Kamran S,
Khattak A and Khan S: Monkeypox: A new threat at our doorstep! J
Infect. 85:e47–e48. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
97
|
Isaacs D: Monkeypox. J Paediatr Child
Health. 58:1290–1292. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
98
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Key characteristics for identifying monkeypox. CDC, Geneva,
2022. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/clinical-recognition.html#print.
Accessed on October 11, 2022.
|
|
99
|
Pittman PR, Martin JW, Kingebeni PM,
Tamfum JJM, Wan Q, Reynolds MG, Quinn X, Norris S, Townsend MB,
Satheshkumar PS, et al: Clinical characterization of human
monkeypox infections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
medRxiv, 2022. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.05.26.22273379v1.full-text.
|
|
100
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of monkeypox
cases-United States, May 17-July 22, 2022. CDC, Geneva, 2022.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7132e3.htm?utm_source=summari#contribAff.
Accessed on October 11, 2022.
|
|
101
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Mpox. Mpox Case Definitions. CDC, Geneva. https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/case-definitions/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/clinicians/case-definition.html#cdc_generic_section_5-epidemiologic-criteria.
Accessed on October 24, 2025.
|
|
102
|
Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, Asogun
D, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Ihekweazu C and Zumla A: Human monkeypox:
Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and
prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 33:1027–1043. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
103
|
Branda F, Romano C, Ciccozzi M, Giovanetti
M, Scarpa F, Ciccozzi A and Maruotti A: Mpox: An overview of
pathogenesis, diagnosis, and public health implications. J Clin
Med. 13(2234)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
104
|
Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G and Okeke
MI: Monkeypox virus in nigeria: Infection biology, epidemiology,
and evolution. Viruses. 12(1257)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
105
|
Zhou Y and Chen Z: Mpox: A review of
laboratory detection techniques. Arch Virol.
168(221)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
106
|
Erez N, Achdout H, Milrot E, Schwartz Y,
Wiener-Well Y, Paran N, Politi B, Tamir H, Israely T, Weiss S, et
al: Diagnosis of imported monkeypox, Israel, 2018. Emerg Infect
Dis. 25:980–983. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
107
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Mpox vaccine recommendations. Centers for disease control
and prevention. CDC, Atlanda, GA, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/vaccines/vaccine-recommendations.html.
|
|
108
|
Rizk Y, Lippi G, Henry BM, Notarte KI and
Rizk JG: Update on Mpox management: Epidemiology, vaccines and
therapeutics, and regulatory changes. Drugs. 85:1–9.
2025.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
109
|
NYC Health: JYNNEOS vaccine for Mpox:
Frequently asked questions. https://www.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/monkeypox/jynneos-vaccine-faq.pdf.
|
|
110
|
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA):
Key facts about vaccines to prevent Mpox disease. ministration
(FDA): FDA approves ado-trastuzumab emtansine for early breast
cancer. FDA, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/key-facts-about-vaccines-prevent-mpox-disease.
|
|
111
|
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA):
ACAM2000. FDA, Silver Spring, MD. https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/acam2000.
|
|
112
|
UpToDate: Treatment and prevention of mpox
(formerly monkeypox), 2022. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prevention-of-monkeypox/print#.
Accessed on October 16, 2022.
|
|
113
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Monitoring and risk assessment for persons exposed in the
community. CDC, Atlanda, GA, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/monitoring.html.
Accessed on October 16, 2022.
|
|
114
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Clinical considerations for pain management of Monkeypox.
CDC, Atlanda, GA, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/pain-management.html.
Accessed on October 16, 2022.
|
|
115
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Treatment information for healthcare professionals. CDC,
Atlanda, GA, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/treatment.html.
Accessed on October 16, 2022.
|
|
116
|
National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH
study finds tecovirimat was safe but did not improve mpox
resolution or pain, 2024. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-study-finds-tecovirimat-was-safe-did-not-improve-mpox-resolution-or-pain.
|
|
117
|
National Institutes of Health (NIH): The
antiviral tecovirimat is safe but did not improve clade I mpox
resolution in Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2024. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/antiviral-tecovirimat-safe-did-not-improve-clade-i-mpox-resolution-democratic-republic-congo.
|
|
118
|
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC): Clinical Treatment of Mpox. Mpox. WHO, Geneva, 2024.
https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html.
|
|
119
|
World Health Organization (WHO): Strategic
framework for enhancing prevention and control of mpox-2024-2027.
WHO, Geneva. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240092907.
|
|
120
|
European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control (ECDC). Monkeypox infection prevention and control guidance
for primary and acute care settings. ECDC, Stockholm, 2022.
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/monkeypox-infection-prevention-and-control-guidance-primary-and-acute-care.
|
|
121
|
Giovanetti M, Cella E, Moretti S, Scarpa
F, Ciccozzi A, Slavov SN, Benedetti F, Zella D, Ceccarelli G,
Ciccozzi M and Borsetti A: Monitoring monkeypox: Safeguarding
global health through rapid response and global surveillance.
Pathogens. 12(1153)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
122
|
Lu J, Xing H, Wang C, Tang M, Wu C, Ye F,
Yin L, Yang Y, Tan W and Shen L: Mpox (formerly monkeypox):
Pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Signal Transduct Target
Ther. 8(458)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
123
|
Nyame J, Punniyakotti S, Khera K, Pal RS,
Varadarajan N and Sharma P: Challenges in the treatment and
prevention of monkeypox infection; A comprehensive review. Acta
Trop. 245(106960)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
124
|
Ogunkola IO, Abiodun OE, Bale BI,
Elebesunu EE, Ujam SB, Umeh IC, Tom-James M, Musa SS, Manirambona
E, Evardone SB and Lucero-Prisno DE III: Monkeypox vaccination in
the global south: Fighting a war without a weapon. Clin Epidemiol
Glob Health. 22(101313)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
125
|
Khan G and Perveen N: Monkeypox: Past,
present, and future. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1451:1–20. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
126
|
Nachega JB, Sam-Agudu NA, Ogoina D,
Mbala-Kingebeni P, Ntoumi F, Nakouné E, Njouom R, Lewis RF, Gandhi
M, Rosenthal PJ, et al: The surge of mpox in Africa: A call for
action. Lancet Glob Health. 12:e1086–e1088. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
127
|
Rahim FO, Fallah M, Jain U, Richardson ET,
Ndembi N, Ngongo N and Kaseya J: Challenges and ongoing actions to
address the mpox emergency in Africa. Ann Glob Health.
90(68)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
128
|
Rahi M, Joy S and Sharma A: Public health
challenges in the context of the global spread of mpox infections.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 108:641–645. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
129
|
Acharya A, Kumar N, Singh K and Byrareddy
SN: ‘Mpox in MSM: Tackling stigma, minimizing risk factors,
exploring pathogenesis, and treatment approaches’. Biomed J.
48(100746)2025.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
130
|
World Health Organization (WHO): Clinical
management and infection prevention and control for Monkeypox. WHO,
Geneva, 2022. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MPX-Clinical-and-IPC-2022.1.
Accessed on October 17, 2022.
|
|
131
|
Reynolds MG, McCollum AM, Nguete B, Shongo
Lushima R and Petersen BW: Improving the care and treatment of
monkeypox patients in low-resource settings: Applying evidence from
contemporary biomedical and smallpox biodefense research. Viruses.
9(380)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
132
|
Abdelaal A, Serhan HA, Mahmoud MA,
Rodriguez-Morales A and Sah R: Ophthalmic manifestations of
monkeypox virus. Eye (Lond). 37:383–385. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
133
|
Badenoch JB, Conti I, Rengasamy ER, Watson
CJ, Butler M, Hussain Z, Carter B, Rooney AG, Zandi MS, Lewis G, et
al: Neurological and psychiatric presentations associated with
human monkeypox virus infection: A systematic review and
meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 52(101644)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
134
|
European Centre for Disease Prevention and
Control (ECDC): Factsheet for health professionals on mpox. ECDC,
Stockholm. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/monkeypox/factsheet-health-professionals.
Accessed on February, 2025.
|
|
135
|
DeWitt ME, Polk C, Williamson J, Shetty
AK, Passaretti CL, McNeil CJ, Fairman RT, Sampson MM, Dalton C and
Sanders JW: Global monkeypox case hospitalisation rates: A rapid
systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine.
54(101710)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
136
|
Zeyen C, Kinberger M, Kriedemann H,
Pfäfflin F, Tober-Lau P, Huang L, Corman VM, Nast A, Sander LE,
Kurth F and Werner RN: Clinical spectrum and long-term outcomes of
mpox: A cohort study spanning from acute infection to six-month
follow-up. BMC Infect Dis. 24(317)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
137
|
Ahmed SK, Abdulqadir SO, Hussein SH, Omar
RM, Ahmed NA, Essa RA, Dhama K, Lorenzo JM and Abdulla AQ: The
impact of monkeypox outbreak on mental health and counteracting
strategies: A call to action. Int J Surg.
106(106943)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
138
|
Jaleel A, Farid G, Irfan H, Mahmood K and
Baig S: A systematic review on the mental health status of patients
infected with monkeypox virus. Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak.
35:107–118. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
139
|
Ogoina D, Izibewule JH, Ogunleye A,
Ederiane E, Anebonam U, Neni A, Oyeyemi A, Etebu EN and Ihekweazu
C: The 2017 human monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria-report of outbreak
experience and response in the Niger Delta University Teaching
Hospital, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. PLoS One.
14(e0214229)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
