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Case Report Open Access

Concurrent tracheal bronchus, tracheal stenosis, and pulmonary sequestration: A case report and mini‑review of the literature 

  • Authors:
    • Fahmi H. Kakamad
    • Soran H. Tahir
    • Harem K. Ahmed
    • Soran M. Ahmed
    • Karzan M. Hasan
    • Honar O. Kareem
    • Rezheen J. Rashid
    • Hawkar A. Nasralla
    • Bilal A. Mohammed
    • Shvan H. Mohammed
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Scientific Affairs, Smart Health Tower, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq, Department of Pediatrics, Kalar General Hospital, Kalar, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq, Department of Radiology, Hiwa Cancer Hospital, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq, Kscien Organization for Scientific Research (Middle East Office), Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq
    Copyright: © Kakamad et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 109
    |
    Published online on: September 24, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.397
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Abstract

Tracheal bronchus (TB) is an abnormal bronchus arising directly from the tracheal wall above the carina, supplying the upper lobes. This anomaly is occasionally associated with congenital tracheal stenosis (TS), with a reported incidence of 11.9‑24.7% in affected patients. The simultaneous occurrence of TB, congenital TS and pulmonary sequestration (PS) in a single patient is extremely rare. The present study describes the case of a 4‑year‑old boy who presented with shortness of breath and stridor. He had a lifelong history of recurrent episodes, initially misdiagnosed as asthma. A clinical examination revealed tachypnea, audible stridor and fever (37.9˚C), with an elevated white blood cell count and C‑reactive protein levels. A chest computed tomography scan demonstrated TB with severe TS, and the TB was supplying an additional lobar sequestration in the right lung. The patient was treated with oxygen, intravenous fluids, antibiotics and low‑dose steroids; however, he was lost to follow‑up before definitive surgical management. In addition, a literature review of articles from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases identified no previous reports of concurrent TB, congenital TS and PS in a single patient. However, six studies described 41 cases of TB associated with either congenital TS or PS. In summary, the coexistence of TB, congenital TS and PS is exceptionally rare, and may easily be misdiagnosed as common respiratory conditions, such as asthma. It is essential to consider such rare congenital anomalies in children presenting with persistent stridor or unexplained respiratory symptoms.
View Figures

Figure 1

Computed tomography scan of the chest
with 3D reconstruction of the tracheobronchial tree illustrating
tracheal bronchus and tracheal stenosis starting just below the
tracheal bronchus, extending to the carina.

Figure 2

Computed tomography scan of the chest
(coronal section) with intravenous contrast illustrating a round
enhancing lesion (red arrows) on the right side of the chest above
the hilum. Examining multiple sections revealed an arterial supply
from the right subclavian artery and venous drainage to the
superior vena cava, suggesting sequestration.

Figure 3

Computed tomography angiography of the
chest illustrating an anomalous blood supply from the right
subclavian artery to the pulmonary sequestration (red arrows).
View References

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Kakamad FH, Tahir SH, Ahmed HK, Ahmed SM, Hasan KM, Kareem HO, Rashid RJ, Nasralla HA, Mohammed BA, Mohammed SH, Mohammed SH, et al: Concurrent tracheal bronchus, tracheal stenosis, and pulmonary sequestration: A case report and mini‑review of the literature . World Acad Sci J 7: 109, 2025.
APA
Kakamad, F.H., Tahir, S.H., Ahmed, H.K., Ahmed, S.M., Hasan, K.M., Kareem, H.O. ... Mohammed, S.H. (2025). Concurrent tracheal bronchus, tracheal stenosis, and pulmonary sequestration: A case report and mini‑review of the literature . World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 109. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.397
MLA
Kakamad, F. H., Tahir, S. H., Ahmed, H. K., Ahmed, S. M., Hasan, K. M., Kareem, H. O., Rashid, R. J., Nasralla, H. A., Mohammed, B. A., Mohammed, S. H."Concurrent tracheal bronchus, tracheal stenosis, and pulmonary sequestration: A case report and mini‑review of the literature ". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.6 (2025): 109.
Chicago
Kakamad, F. H., Tahir, S. H., Ahmed, H. K., Ahmed, S. M., Hasan, K. M., Kareem, H. O., Rashid, R. J., Nasralla, H. A., Mohammed, B. A., Mohammed, S. H."Concurrent tracheal bronchus, tracheal stenosis, and pulmonary sequestration: A case report and mini‑review of the literature ". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 6 (2025): 109. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.397
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Kakamad FH, Tahir SH, Ahmed HK, Ahmed SM, Hasan KM, Kareem HO, Rashid RJ, Nasralla HA, Mohammed BA, Mohammed SH, Mohammed SH, et al: Concurrent tracheal bronchus, tracheal stenosis, and pulmonary sequestration: A case report and mini‑review of the literature . World Acad Sci J 7: 109, 2025.
APA
Kakamad, F.H., Tahir, S.H., Ahmed, H.K., Ahmed, S.M., Hasan, K.M., Kareem, H.O. ... Mohammed, S.H. (2025). Concurrent tracheal bronchus, tracheal stenosis, and pulmonary sequestration: A case report and mini‑review of the literature . World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 109. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.397
MLA
Kakamad, F. H., Tahir, S. H., Ahmed, H. K., Ahmed, S. M., Hasan, K. M., Kareem, H. O., Rashid, R. J., Nasralla, H. A., Mohammed, B. A., Mohammed, S. H."Concurrent tracheal bronchus, tracheal stenosis, and pulmonary sequestration: A case report and mini‑review of the literature ". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.6 (2025): 109.
Chicago
Kakamad, F. H., Tahir, S. H., Ahmed, H. K., Ahmed, S. M., Hasan, K. M., Kareem, H. O., Rashid, R. J., Nasralla, H. A., Mohammed, B. A., Mohammed, S. H."Concurrent tracheal bronchus, tracheal stenosis, and pulmonary sequestration: A case report and mini‑review of the literature ". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 6 (2025): 109. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.397
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