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Biochemical and functional characterization of a Penicillium purpurescens milk‑clotting enzyme as an animal rennet alternative

  • Authors:
    • Thanaa H. Ali
    • Latifa A. Mohamed
    • Eman M. Abdellah
    • Sally Farouk
    • Dina H. El‑ghonemy
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Microbial Chemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
    Copyright: © Ali et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 111
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    Published online on: September 24, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.399
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Abstract

Fungal milk‑clotting enzymes (MCEs) provide a sustainable and efficient alternative to animal‑derived rennet in cheese production, providing advantages, such as scalability and compatibility with diverse dietary needs. The present study aimed to optimize the production and characterize the enzymatic properties of an extracellular MCE from Penicillium purpurescens. The highest enzyme yield was achieved using solid‑state fermentation with wheat bran as the substrate under conditions of pH 6.0, 60˚C, a 1% inoculum size and supplementation with 1% CaCl2 on the 5th day of cultivation. The enzyme was purified 17.2‑fold with a 20% recovery rate through acetone precipitation and ion‑exchange chromatography, and SDS‑PAGE analysis revealed a molecular mass of 29 kDa. Kinetic analyses determined a Km value of 5x10‑2 M, indicating high substrate affinity. The purified enzyme exhibited optimal activity at 45‑55˚C and a broad pH range (pH 5‑6), along with notable stability under varying conditions. The analysis of metal ion effects revealed the enhancement of activity by Ca2+ and Mg2+, while it revealed the inhibition of Hg2+ and Cu2+. These properties, combined with a high specificity for κ‑casein, highlight the potential of the enzyme for industrial dairy applications, particularly in processes requiring robust and adaptable clotting agents. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that Penicillium purpurescens may be a highly promising fungal strain for MCE production, demonstrating superior clotting efficiency compared to other screened strains.
View Figures

Figure 1

Effect of initial pH on milk-clotting
activity of the enzyme. Enzyme activity was measured at various
initial pH values ranging from (lowest pH 3) to (highest pH 8). The
optimal activity was observed at pH 6, indicating the preferred
operating range of the enzyme under neutral conditions. SU, Soxhlet
units; PU, proteolytic units.

Figure 2

Effect of incubation temperature on
the production of Penicillium purpurescens milk-clotting
enzyme. SU, Soxhlet units; PU, proteolytic units.

Figure 3

Time-course of Penicillium
purpurescens growth, milk-clotting activity, and proteolytic
activity in modified specific medium, production during different
fermentation times (1-10 days). SU, Soxhlet units; PU, proteolytic
units.

Figure 4

Effect of inoculum size on
milk-clotting enzyme and protease production by Penicillium
purpurescens. SU, Soxhlet units.

Figure 5

Effect of CaCl2
concentration on milk-clotting (SU) and proteolytic (PU) activities
of Penicillium purpurescens. Soxhlet units; PU, proteolytic
units.

Figure 6

Elution profile of milk-clotting
enzyme from Penicillium purpurescens purified by acetone
fractionation, then DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography.
Protein content was monitored at 280 nm, and milk-clotting activity
was assayed in collected fractions. Active MCE fractions were
observed at (NaCl concentration range] 0.05 to 0.1 mM), indicating
successful separation from non-active proteins.

Figure 7

SDS-PAGE analysis of enzyme extract.
Lane 1 (crude): Protein molecular weight marker (kDa); Lane 2
(purified): Purified milk-clotting enzyme from Penicillium
purpurescens.

Figure 8

Michaelis-Menten and Lineweaver-Burk
plot of reaction velocity vs. casein concentration for the
milk-clotting enzyme. V, velocity; Vm, maximal velocity; S,
casein substrate concentration; Km, Michaelis
constant=5x10-2 M.
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Spandidos Publications style
Ali TH, Mohamed LA, Abdellah EM, Farouk S and El‑ghonemy DH: Biochemical and functional characterization of a <em>Penicillium purpurescens</em> milk‑clotting enzyme as an animal rennet alternative. World Acad Sci J 7: 111, 2025.
APA
Ali, T.H., Mohamed, L.A., Abdellah, E.M., Farouk, S., & El‑ghonemy, D.H. (2025). Biochemical and functional characterization of a <em>Penicillium purpurescens</em> milk‑clotting enzyme as an animal rennet alternative. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 111. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.399
MLA
Ali, T. H., Mohamed, L. A., Abdellah, E. M., Farouk, S., El‑ghonemy, D. H."Biochemical and functional characterization of a <em>Penicillium purpurescens</em> milk‑clotting enzyme as an animal rennet alternative". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.6 (2025): 111.
Chicago
Ali, T. H., Mohamed, L. A., Abdellah, E. M., Farouk, S., El‑ghonemy, D. H."Biochemical and functional characterization of a <em>Penicillium purpurescens</em> milk‑clotting enzyme as an animal rennet alternative". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 6 (2025): 111. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.399
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ali TH, Mohamed LA, Abdellah EM, Farouk S and El‑ghonemy DH: Biochemical and functional characterization of a <em>Penicillium purpurescens</em> milk‑clotting enzyme as an animal rennet alternative. World Acad Sci J 7: 111, 2025.
APA
Ali, T.H., Mohamed, L.A., Abdellah, E.M., Farouk, S., & El‑ghonemy, D.H. (2025). Biochemical and functional characterization of a <em>Penicillium purpurescens</em> milk‑clotting enzyme as an animal rennet alternative. World Academy of Sciences Journal, 7, 111. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.399
MLA
Ali, T. H., Mohamed, L. A., Abdellah, E. M., Farouk, S., El‑ghonemy, D. H."Biochemical and functional characterization of a <em>Penicillium purpurescens</em> milk‑clotting enzyme as an animal rennet alternative". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7.6 (2025): 111.
Chicago
Ali, T. H., Mohamed, L. A., Abdellah, E. M., Farouk, S., El‑ghonemy, D. H."Biochemical and functional characterization of a <em>Penicillium purpurescens</em> milk‑clotting enzyme as an animal rennet alternative". World Academy of Sciences Journal 7, no. 6 (2025): 111. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2025.399
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