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Review Open Access

Allodynia: Pathophysiology and emerging management strategies (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Bharath Kanumuri Sampangi
    • Muralidharan Palayyan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pharmacology, Chettinad School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu 603103, India
    Copyright: © Kanumuri Sampangi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 29
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    Published online on: February 19, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.444
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Abstract

Allodynia is a painful condition in which normal sensations, such as a light touch, light pressure or mild changes in temperature, are experienced as extremely painful sensations. It results from disruptions in the body pain pathways and begins with overactive nerve endings and ion channels, such as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 and voltage‑gated sodium channels such as Nav1.8, which are markedly affected by inflammation and glial cell activity. Over time, the nervous system itself becomes hypersensitive with the pain centers of the brain, including the anterior cingulate cortex and insula, influencing not only the physical but also the emotional experience of pain. Doctors use such instruments as sensory testing, nerve fiber analysis and advanced imaging for a better understanding on these changes. Medication providing temporary relief includes gabapentinoids, serotonin‑norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants, while some modified therapies are aimed at specific ion channels and immune pathways with promising results. Alongside the use of drugs, other methods such as spinal cord stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, cognitive behavioral therapy and mirror therapy aid in retraining the nervous system. Due to the individuality of the condition, the most effective treatment is a combination of medication and behavioral and rehabilitative treatments to restore the balance and to improve the quality of life of patients
View Figures

Figure 1

Difference between allodynia and
hyperalgesia. The diagram aims to provide a sense of how pain
perception can change following injury. Under normal conditions,
pain only begins when some stimulus surpasses a threshold, as
indicated by the pink curve. In hyperalgesia, which is indicated by
the light green curve, the same stimulus causes a stronger pain
response than normal. In allodynia, which is defined by the blue
curve, touching stimuli, which are normally gentle and non-painful,
elicit pain at levels below the normal threshold. Together, these
altered responses illustrate the mechanisms through which nerve
signaling can become distorted to enact enlarged, or misplaced,
pain sensations in chronic pain states.

Figure 2

Schematic illustration of sensory
modalities in allodynia. The image illustrates how different types
of sensations such as touch, pressure and temperature travel from
the body to the brain. Specialized nerve fibers (Aβ, Aδ and
C-fibers) carry these signals through the spinal cord. Some follow
the lateral spinothalamic tract to the lateral thalamus, aiding in
the recognition and location of pain. Others follow the
spino-parabrachial tract to the limbic center, where emotional
responses to pain are processed. Together, these pathways explain
not only how pain is perceived, but also the emotional reaction to
pain.
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Spandidos Publications style
Kanumuri Sampangi B and Palayyan M: Allodynia: Pathophysiology and emerging management strategies (Review). World Acad Sci J 8: 29, 2026.
APA
Kanumuri Sampangi, B., & Palayyan, M. (2026). Allodynia: Pathophysiology and emerging management strategies (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 8, 29. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.444
MLA
Kanumuri Sampangi, B., Palayyan, M."Allodynia: Pathophysiology and emerging management strategies (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8.2 (2026): 29.
Chicago
Kanumuri Sampangi, B., Palayyan, M."Allodynia: Pathophysiology and emerging management strategies (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8, no. 2 (2026): 29. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.444
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Kanumuri Sampangi B and Palayyan M: Allodynia: Pathophysiology and emerging management strategies (Review). World Acad Sci J 8: 29, 2026.
APA
Kanumuri Sampangi, B., & Palayyan, M. (2026). Allodynia: Pathophysiology and emerging management strategies (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 8, 29. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.444
MLA
Kanumuri Sampangi, B., Palayyan, M."Allodynia: Pathophysiology and emerging management strategies (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8.2 (2026): 29.
Chicago
Kanumuri Sampangi, B., Palayyan, M."Allodynia: Pathophysiology and emerging management strategies (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8, no. 2 (2026): 29. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.444
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