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Review Open Access

Global reduction in morbidity and mortality due to vaccine development against major infectious pathogens, 1974‑2024 (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Taib Ahmed Hama Soor
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    Affiliations: Medical Laboratory Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Iraq
    Copyright: © Hama Soor et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 63
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    Published online on: May 18, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.478
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Abstract

Vaccination remains one of the most effective and equitable interventions in public health, preventing infectious disease and transforming global survival. Since the launch of the World Health Organization Expanded Programme on Immunization in 1974, vaccine innovation and coordinated international partnerships have reshaped child health worldwide. The present review synthesizes evidence from the Global Burden of Disease Study, WHO/UNICEF, Gavi and Our World in Data to evaluate global, regional and pathogen‑specific reductions in disease burden due to vaccination from 1974 to 2024. Data on coverage rates, deaths averted and inequities in access were analyzed to assess progress and remaining challenges. Since 1974, vaccination programs have saved the lives of ~150 million children globally, reflecting one of the greatest humanitarian achievements in history. Global coverage for major childhood vaccines, including DTP3, polio, measles and hepatitis B, has increased from <20% in 1980 to >80% in 2024. Africa and South‑East Asia accounted for almost 70% of the total lives saved, highlighting the success of targeted campaigns in high‑burden regions. Measles‑related deaths declined from 2.6 million (1974) to 73,000 (2024), and pneumococcal vaccination alone prevented approximately 400,000 deaths in 2019. However, inequities persist: In 2022, 89 countries reported vaccine stock‑outs, predominantly in low‑ and middle‑income regions. Between 1974 and 2024, global vaccination efforts have averted hundreds of millions of deaths, eliminated smallpox, and nearly eradicated poliomyelitis. Sustaining these gains and reaching the remaining unvaccinated populations will require equitable distribution, stronger health systems, and continued investment to fulfil the Immunization Agenda 2030 goals.
View Figures

Figure 1

Global vaccination coverage and
infant mortality, 1974-2024. (A) Expansion of coverage for major
childhood vaccines between the first and most recent years
reported. (B) Global infant mortality rate with and without
vaccination, exhibiting a 70-75% decline attributable to
immunization programs. Source: WHO, UNICEF, IHME and Our
World in Data (2024).

Figure 2

Lives saved by vaccination across
continents, 1974-2024 (in millions). The greatest gains occurred in
Africa and South-East Asia, reflecting intensified global
immunization efforts and improvements in vaccine access. Source:
WHO, Gavi, IHME and Our World in Data (2024).

Figure 3

Global lives saved by vaccination,
1974-2024. The left panel illustrates cumulative lives saved by
childhood vaccinations across major world regions from 1974 to
2024, with Africa and South-East Asia contributing the largest
gains. The right panel illustrates the lives saved by pathogen.
Source: WHO, Gavi, IHME, and Our World in Data (2024).

Figure 4

Lives saved by pathogen across global
regions, 1974-2024. Each panel represents the cumulative lives in
one region saved by vaccination against major pathogens from 1974
to 2024. Bar lengths correspond to lives saved (in millions),
highlighting regional differences in pathogen-specific impact.
Measles and tetanus dominate in Africa and South-East Asia, while
the Americas, Europe and the Western Pacific exhibit more balanced
distributions. Source: WHO, IHME, UNICEF and Our World in Data
(2024).

Figure 5

Global coverage of the polio vaccine
(three doses), 1980-2024. Global trend in polio (OPV3) vaccination
coverage among 1-year-old children based on WHO/UNICEF estimates
(2024 revision). Data points represent annual coverage rates with
values shown for alternate years to enhance readability. The figure
illustrates the substantial global increase in OPV3 coverage since
the 1980s, reflecting the expansion of routine immunization
programs and international polio eradication initiatives. Source:
WHO/UNICEF WUENIC Dataset 2024; Our World in Data; GPEI (2021).

Figure 6

Global measles vaccination and
disease burden, 1980-2024. (A) Global measles (MCV1) coverage
increased from 16% in 1980 to ~84% in 2024, after peaking at ~86%
in 2018-2019, decreasing to ~81% in 2020-2021, and rebounding
thereafter (WHO/UNICEF WUENIC 2024). (B) As MCV2 coverage increased
from ~15-20% (early 2000s) to ~70% (2019-2021), estimated measles
cases decreased from ~900 per 100,000 (2000) to ~100 per 100,000
(2019), illustrating the inverse association between coverage and
incidence (IHME/WHO/UNICEF via Our World in Data).

Figure 7

Deaths due to measles by region,
1980-2021. Annual global measles deaths decreased from ~800,000 in
1980 to ~73,000 in 2021, with the steepest reductions in Africa and
South-East Asia; deaths in the Americas and Europe decreased to
near zero by the 2000s (IHME GBD 2024; OWID).

Figure 8

Global Smallpox Decline and
Eradication (1920-1980). Reported global smallpox cases decreased
from ~401,000 (1920) to zero (1980), exhibiting a >99.9 %
reduction following WHO-led campaigns. Visualization by Saloni
Dattani (Our World in Data, 2024). Underlying data: Fenner et
al (1988); WHO (1980); WHO (2023).

Figure 9

Global coverage of hepatitis B,
rotavirus and rubella vaccines (1980-2024). Hepatitis B (3 doses):
Global HepB3 coverage expanded from 0% in 1985 to ~84 in 2024,
reflecting its universal inclusion in childhood immunization
schedules since the early 2000s. Rotavirus: Introduced in 2006,
global coverage increased rapidly from 1% (2006) to ~59% (2024),
illustrating accelerated uptake following WHO recommendation and
Gavi-supported programs. Rubella (1 dose): Global rubella (RCV1)
coverage rose steadily from 3% in 1980 to ~71% in 2024,
demonstrating long-term integration into the measles-rubella
combined schedule. Sources: WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National
Immunization Coverage (WUENIC, 2024); Our World in Data (2024).

Figure 10

Global pneumococcal vaccination
coverage and deaths averted (2008-2024). (A) Global increase in
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV3) coverage among 1-year-old
children, rising from 4% in 2008 to 67% in 2024 (WHO/UNICEF, 2024).
(B) Deaths averted in 2019, with the highest impact in Africa
(275,000) and Asia (92,300), underscoring the critical contribution
of the vaccine to reducing childhood mortality in low- and
middle-income regions (Our World in Data, 2024; WHO, 2024).

Figure 11

Global coverage of DTP3 and Hib
vaccines (1980-2024). The figure illustrates global vaccination
coverage trends for (A) Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
and (B) diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3) among 1-year-old
children, based on WHO/UNICEF 2024 revision estimates. Data points
are labeled for alternate years, including the first and last data
values, highlighting rapid coverage expansion since the 1990s and
the stabilization of global routine immunization above 75% in
recent years. Source: WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization
Coverage (WUENIC 2024); Our World in Data (2024).

Figure 12

Number of countries with vaccine
stock-outs by vaccine type, 2022. The figure illustrates the number
of countries that experienced national vaccine shortages
(stock-outs) across 17 vaccine types in 2022, based on WHO/UNICEF
and Our World in Data reports. The most frequent stock-outs
occurred for DTP-containing vaccines (89 countries) and Bacillus
Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine (26 countries), followed by measles
and rubella vaccines (25 and 20 countries, respectively). These
shortages highlight persistent global inequities in vaccine supply
and access, particularly in low- and middle-income countries
(LMICs). Source: WHO/UNICEF (WUENIC, 2024); Our World in Data
(Vaccination Dataset, 2024).
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hama Soor TA: Global reduction in morbidity and mortality due to vaccine development against major infectious pathogens, 1974‑2024 (Review). World Acad Sci J 8: 63, 2026.
APA
Hama Soor, T.A. (2026). Global reduction in morbidity and mortality due to vaccine development against major infectious pathogens, 1974‑2024 (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 8, 63. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.478
MLA
Hama Soor, T. A."Global reduction in morbidity and mortality due to vaccine development against major infectious pathogens, 1974‑2024 (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8.4 (2026): 63.
Chicago
Hama Soor, T. A."Global reduction in morbidity and mortality due to vaccine development against major infectious pathogens, 1974‑2024 (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8, no. 4 (2026): 63. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.478
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hama Soor TA: Global reduction in morbidity and mortality due to vaccine development against major infectious pathogens, 1974‑2024 (Review). World Acad Sci J 8: 63, 2026.
APA
Hama Soor, T.A. (2026). Global reduction in morbidity and mortality due to vaccine development against major infectious pathogens, 1974‑2024 (Review). World Academy of Sciences Journal, 8, 63. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.478
MLA
Hama Soor, T. A."Global reduction in morbidity and mortality due to vaccine development against major infectious pathogens, 1974‑2024 (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8.4 (2026): 63.
Chicago
Hama Soor, T. A."Global reduction in morbidity and mortality due to vaccine development against major infectious pathogens, 1974‑2024 (Review)". World Academy of Sciences Journal 8, no. 4 (2026): 63. https://doi.org/10.3892/wasj.2026.478
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