Light-based technologies in dentistry: Biophotonic principles and clinical integration (Review)

Biophotonics has emerged as a transformative interdisciplinary field that integrates optical science with biological systems to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities in dentistry. Conventional diagnostic methods often detect oral diseases at advanced stages, whereas biophotonic technologies enable real-time, non-invasive and high-resolution assessments at the molecular and cellular levels. The present narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles of light-tissue interactions and their clinical translation in dentistry. Key biophotonic modalities, including fluorescence imaging, optical coherence tomography, Raman spectroscopy, laser-based therapies, photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation, are discussed with respect to their mechanisms, applications, advantages and limitations. The present review further discusses their roles across major dental specialties, such as periodontology, endodontics, restorative dentistry, orthodontics, paediatric dentistry and oral oncology. Recent advancements highlight the integration of artificial intelligence, nanotechnology and multimodal imaging systems, enabling improved diagnostic accuracy, targeted therapy and personalized treatment planning. Despite these advantages, challenges, such as limited tissue penetration, high costs, the lack of standardization, and regulatory constraints continue to restrict widespread clinical adoption. Biophotonics represents a paradigm shift toward minimally invasive, precision-based dentistry. Continued research, technological innovation and clinical validation are essential to facilitate its transition into routine dental practice and to improve overall oral healthcare outcomes.