Open Access

Molecular and cellular mechanisms of castration resistant prostate cancer (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yiqiao Huang
    • Xianhan Jiang
    • Xue Liang
    • Ganggang Jiang
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: February 27, 2018     https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8123
  • Pages: 6063-6076
  • Copyright: © Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

With increases in the mortality rate and number of patients with prostate cancer (PCa), PCa, particularly the advanced and metastatic disease, has been the focus of a number of studies globally. Over the past seven decades, androgen deprivation therapy has been the primary therapeutic option for patients with advanced PCa; however, the majority of patients developed a poor prognosis stage of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which eventually led to mortality. Due to CRPC being incurable, laboratory investigations and clinical studies focusing on CRPC have been conducted worldwide. Clarification of the molecular pathways that may lead to CRPC is important for discovering novel therapeutic strategies to delay or reverse the progression of disease. A sustained androgen receptor (AR) signal is still regarded as the main cause of CRPC. Increasing number of studies have proposed different potential mechanisms that cause CRPC, and this has led to the development of novel agents targeting the AR‑dependent pathway or AR‑independent signaling. In the present review, the major underlying mechanisms causing CRPC, including several major categories of AR‑dependent mechanisms, AR bypass signaling, AR‑independent mechanisms and other important hypotheses (including the functions of autophagy, PCa stem cell and microRNAs in CRPC progression), are summarized with retrospective pre‑clinical or clinical trials to guide future research and therapy.
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May-2018
Volume 15 Issue 5

Print ISSN: 1792-1074
Online ISSN:1792-1082

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Huang Y, Jiang X, Liang X and Jiang G: Molecular and cellular mechanisms of castration resistant prostate cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 15: 6063-6076, 2018.
APA
Huang, Y., Jiang, X., Liang, X., & Jiang, G. (2018). Molecular and cellular mechanisms of castration resistant prostate cancer (Review). Oncology Letters, 15, 6063-6076. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8123
MLA
Huang, Y., Jiang, X., Liang, X., Jiang, G."Molecular and cellular mechanisms of castration resistant prostate cancer (Review)". Oncology Letters 15.5 (2018): 6063-6076.
Chicago
Huang, Y., Jiang, X., Liang, X., Jiang, G."Molecular and cellular mechanisms of castration resistant prostate cancer (Review)". Oncology Letters 15, no. 5 (2018): 6063-6076. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8123