Aneuploidy of chromosome 8 and mutation of circulating tumor cells predict pathologic complete response in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer

  • Authors:
    • Jue‑Feng Wan
    • Xue‑Qin Li
    • Jing Zhang
    • Li‑Feng Yang
    • Ji Zhu
    • Gui‑Chao Li
    • Li‑Ping Liang
    • Li‑Jun Shen
    • Hui Zhang
    • Jing Li
    • Yi‑Tong Zhang
    • Chang‑Yue Chen
    • Zhen Zhang
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: May 30, 2018     https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8831
  • Pages: 1863-1868
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Abstract

Identifying patients who may or may not achieve pathologic complete response (pathCR) allows for treatment with alternative approaches in the preoperative setting. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether aneuploidy of chromosome 8 and mutations of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) could predict the response of patients with rectal cancer to preoperative chemoradiotherapy. A total of 33 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (cT3‑T4 and/or cN+) treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy between September 2014 and March 2015 were recruited. Blood samples were collected from 33 patients with pre‑chemoradiotherapy rectal cancer. It was demonstrated that ≥5 copies of chromosome 8 was associated with pathCR (univariate logistic regression, P=0.042). Of the 6 patients whose CTCs had <5 copies of chromosome 8, 3 achieved pathCR (3/6, 50%), and of the 27 patients whose CTCs had ≥5 copies of chromosome 8 obtained 3 pathCR (3/27, 11.1%; Chi‑square test, P=0.0255). Of the 33 patients with mutations assessed, 8 significant nonsynonymous mutations in CTCs were identified as associated with pathCR (Chi‑square test, P‑values range, 0.0004‑0.0298; mutations in ARID1A, HDAC1, APC, ERBB3, TP53, AMER1 and AR). These results suggest that ≥5 copies of chromosome 8 and 8 nonsynonymous mutations in ARID1A, HDAC1, APC, ERBB3, TP53, AMER1 AR in CTCs were associated with pathCR. This conclusion should be validated further in larger prospective studies and the long‑term follow‑up survival data of this study will also be reported in the future.

Introduction

Preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by total mesorectal excision (TME) is the standard of treatment for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) (13). Preoperative CRT allows for tumor downstaging and pathologic complete response (pathCR), which is correlated with 5-year recurrence free survival (4). Therefore, identifying patients who may or may not achieve a pathCR would allow for treatment with alternative approaches in the preoperative setting (5,6).

Many researchers investigate specific immunohistochemical biomarkers and genotype biomarkers as potential predictors of pathCR (7,8). However, genotyping tumors may be challenging due to the invasiveness of sample collection and limited availability of tissue biopsies. Instead, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are considered an alternative source of tumor cells present in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. The ability to isolate and profile CTCs presents an attractive option for genotyping tumors noninvasively.

In the present study, we produced an integrated workflow to investigate whether aneuploidy of chromosome 8 and mutations of CTCs can be specific predictors of pathCR to preoperative CRT in patients with rectal cancer. Future studies will be performed to improve the workflow and validate the conclusions in prospective and larger cohorts with long-term follow-up survival data.

Materials and methods

Patients

We recruited 33 patients with LARC (cT3-T4 and/or cN+, The 7th edition of AJCC) treated with neoadjuvant CRT at our institution between September 2014 and March 2015. All patients signed informed consent and the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center Ethics Review Board approved the present study.

Patients were treated with CRT, with radiotherapy dose of 50 Gy and simultaneous fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. All patients received 50 Gy/25Fx in the study. Surgery was generally performed 6 to 8 weeks after completion of CRT and included low anterior resection, or abdominoperineal resection using TME principles. Following surgical resection, the pathological stage of the tumor was determined according to TNM classification. Standard pathological tumor staging of the resected specimens was performed after resection in accordance with the guidelines of the College of American Pathologists, with histopathological diagnosis performed by dedicated gastrointestinal cancer pathologists. The gross tumor volume was embedded and serially sectioned for subsequent hematoxylin and eosin staining and microscopic evaluation.

Blood specimen collection and processing

Blood samples from the 33 patients with rectal cancer were obtained prior to CRT. Rectal adenocarcinoma was confirmed pathologically for all patients by biopsy. For all 33 patients, 8.5 ml blood samples were obtained for detection of CTCs. All blood samples were collected into evacuated ACD anticoagulant tubes.

Subtraction enrichment of CTCs and identification of aneuploid CTCs

The enrichment and identification of CTCs was performed according to CTCseq kit instruction (Shanghai Majorbio Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). CTCs were confirmed to be negative for CD45 and either positive for PanCK staining or chromosome 8 aneuploidy. CTCs on slides were counted and imaged, and individual tumor cell coordinates were recorded to facilitate subsequent target cell identification. These slides were kept frozen at −20°C.

Laser capture microdissection (LCM)

For LCM, samples were loaded onto the stage of a Zeiss PALM MicroBeam (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany) under a 40× objective. Following microdissection with a 355-nm laser beam, target cells were collected into AdhesiveCap 200 opaque tubes (Carl Zeiss AG). CTCs from one patient were collected in one tube; the number of CTCs in one tube varied from one to thirty. Lysis buffer (5 µl; Yikon Genomics, Shanghai, China) was then added to each sample and stored at −20°C.

Single-cell whole-genome amplification (WGA) with multiple annealing and looping-based amplification cycles (MALBAC)

WGA of lysed cells was performed using the MALBAC method (9) following the standard protocol provided by the commercial MALBAC amplification kit (Yikon Genomics). In summary, cells were centrifuged and collected at 8,000 rcf for 5 min, transferred to a new 200 µl PCR tube, following incubation at 50°C for 2 h and 80°C for 10 min. Then, 30 µl of freshly prepared preamplification mix was added to each tube and was incubated at 94°C for 3 min. DNA was amplified using 8 cycles of 40 sec at 20°C, 40 sec at 30°C, 30 sec at 40°C, 30 sec at 50°C, 30 sec at 60°C, 4 min at 70°C, 20 sec at 95°C and 10 sec at 58°C; samples were then placed on ice immediately. Amplification reaction mix (30 µl) was added to each tube and incubated at 94°C for 30 sec followed by 17 cycles of 20 sec at 94°C, 30 sec at 58°C and 3 min at 72°C.

WGA quality control on Agilent 2100

MALBAC products were purified with 1.4× Ampure XP beads (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA, USA) and assessed by 2100 BioAnalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). Each MALBAC product was diluted to 1 ng/µl. The sample volume for the analysis was 1 µl. A BioAnalyzer High Sensitivity DNA kit (Agilent Technologies, Inc.) was used to visualize the size range of MALBAC products. Samples were injected into the separation channel and their components were electrophoretically separated.

Target gene sequencing

A total of 36 genes (ACVR2A, SMAD4, TP53, NRAS, P65 (NFKB3), ATM, PRKCB, AR, SUMO1, PIK3CA, APC, MLH1, BRAF, HDAC1, ABL1, IGF2, TCF7L2, MLH3, MFS2, KRAS, STAT1, MYC, ERBB3, MSH2, ERBB2, TGFBR1, AMER1, PTEN, JUN, MSH3, TRIM63, CDK1, SOX9, PMS2, ARID1A and MSH6), corresponding to 105 kb, which were frequently mutated in colorectal cancer according to previous studies (10,11), were shown to be enriched. MygeneSeq technology (Morgene) was used to identify enriched genes following the manufacturer's instructions, with a 100 ng input of MALBAC products used. In summary, barcodes were mapped to multiplex PCR products and enriched targets were identified using the MygeneSeq panel. Then, a standard shotgun library was made from amplicons using NEXTflex Rapid DNA-Seq kit Bundle with DNA Barcodes 1–24 (Bioo Scientific, Austin, TX, USA). Final concentrations of DNA samples were measured prior to sequencing using the Qubit v.2.0 fluorometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). A total of 36 genes were sequenced using 150 cycle paired-end flowcell lanes on the HiSeq4000 system (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). All sequence data were processed using CASAVA 1.8.1 pipeline (Illumina, Inc.) converting BCL basecall files to fastq files.

Software analysis

MALBAC primers and Illumina adaptors were trimmed by cutadapt 1.12 (12). Trimmed sequencing reads were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA-0.7.12-r1039) (13). The mapping files in SAM format were converted to BAM format and sorted by SAMtools-1.2 (14). The Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK v3.3–0-g37228af; http://www.broadinstitute.org/gatk/) was used to locally realign the sorted BAM files (15). Then, sequencing data was re-calibrated and insertion/deletion (indel)-realigned using GATK (http://www.broadinstitute.org/gatk/) before variant detection. Base-level sequencing coverage was enumerated by the Depth Of Coverage module from bedtools.

Next, we respectively identified single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and indels from the BAM files generated with all samples using GATK UnifiedGenotyper (parameters: -mbq 20). BAM files of all samples were processed together to generate a single VCF4 file. We used the GATK VariantFiltration to filter using the parameters MQ<40, HaplotypeScore>200.0, FS>60.0 (SNP), FS>200.0 (Indel), then the VCF file was annotated using SnpSift and snpEff and ANNOVAR. A minimum coverage depth of 10 and >2 reads with variant alleles was used for further filtering of SNVs. Only SNVs covered in all samples remained following filtering. SNVs in clustered regions with neighboring SNVs within 10 bp were filtered from the data to remove false positives (16). Finally, we filtered benign SNPs from 1000g2015aug_eas and exac03nontcga, and selected the remaining variants to separate SNVs into VCF4 files.

Statistical analyses

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (v.16.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Age, number of CTCs and aneuploidy were expressed as continuous variables. Categorical variables included gender, stage and presence of aneuploidy and mutations. Univariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between clinical characteristics and aneuploidy of chromosome 8 with pathCR. The incidence of pathCR between nonsynonymous mutations and wild type genes was compared using Pearson's chi-square test.

Results

Patient and tumor characteristics

Patient and tumor characteristics are presented in Table I. All patients completed neoadjuvant treatment. Overall, 6 (18.2%) patients had a pathCR, 21 patients got pathPR and 6 patients got pathSD. CTCs were observed in all 33 patients with a median number of 7 cells per 8.5 ml (range 1–30). Additionally, 12 patients had 1–3 CTCs and 21 patients had >3 CTCs. Triploidy, tetraploidy, pentaploidy or >5 copies of chromosome 8 were observed in CTCs from rectal cancer patients (Fig. 1). There was no apparent green staining of PanCK in Fig. 1 for two reasons. First, the expression of PanCK is not necessary to identify CTCs. In our study, CTC was defined as CEP8+/DAPI+/CD45-. The high sensitivity of this method was due to the high sensitivity of CEP8. The Panck marker was only an observational biomarker in our study. Second, one possible explanation for this observation was that those PanCK negative CTCs were undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the CTCs, triploidy, tetraploidy and ≥5 copies of chromosome 8 were observed in 25, 18 and 27 patients, respectively (Table I).

Table I.

Patient and tumor characteristics (n=33).

Table I.

Patient and tumor characteristics (n=33).

CharacteristicsNo. of patients (%)
Sex
  Male21 (63.6)
  Female12 (36.4)
Age (years)
  Mean54.5
  Median57
  Range30–73
Clinical stage
  II3 (9.1)
  III30 (90.1)
No. of CTCs
  1–312 (36.4)
  >321 (63.6)
Triploidy
  Yes25 (75.8)
  No8 (24.2)
Tetraploidy
  Yes18 (54.5)
  No15 (45.5)
≥5 copies
  Yes27 (81.8)
  No6 (18.2)
Association between pathCR and chromosome 8 aneuploidy in CTCs

Aneuploidy of chromosome 8 in CTCs from 33 patients was examined. As shown in Fig. 1, triploidy, tetraploidy, pentaploidy or >5 copies of chromosome 8 were observed in in CTCs from rectal cancer patients. Furthermore, univariate logistic regression indicated that ≥5 copies of chromosome 8 was associated with pathCR (P=0.042; Table II). Of the patients whose CTCs had <5 copies of chromosome 8 (n=6), 3 exhibited pathCR (3/6, 50%), and of the 27 patients whose CTCs had ≥5 copies of chromosome 8, 3 exhibited pathCR (3/27, 11.1%; Chi-square test, P=0.0255).

Table II.

Univariate logistic regression predicting pathCR.

Table II.

Univariate logistic regression predicting pathCR.

VariablesP-valueOdds ratio
Age0.161.56
Sex0.442.63
Stage0.342.45
No. of CTCs0.500.94
No. of triploidy0.560.90
% triploidy0.1010.99
No. of tetraploidy0.300.57
% tetraploidy0.300.03
No. of ≥5 copies0.730.97
% ≥5 copies0.300.22
Presence of triploidy0.641.75
Presence of tetraploidy0.260.34
Presence of ≥5 copies0.040.13

[i] pathCR, pathologic complete response.

Detection of mutational status in pathCR and non-pathCR groups

Among the 33 patients with mutations assessed, 6 (18.2%) exhibited pathCR. One patient was excluded for its low coverage depth (data not shown), the average depth of the other 32 sequencing data was ~4,000× (data not shown). The average coverage breadth (sites with ≥10× coverage) varied largely from 45.5–96.18%. In order to find mutational predictors of response to preoperative CRT, all 6 patients in pathCR group were analyzed, with coverage breadth (sites with ≥10× coverage) from 50.20–73.68%, and 10 patients were selected from the non-pathCR group, with coverage breadth of ~80%. Of the 16 patients, we assessed the mutation status of target regions that all the samples covered and selected positions with at least one SNV. We identified 22 genes that had mutations with a significant difference in frequency between the groups. These genes included TRIM63, ARID1A, HDAC1, MSH2, ACVR2A, STAT1, SUMO1, TGFBR2, APC, BRAF, ABL1, TCF7L2, IGF2, RELA, ATM, ERBB3, PRKCB, TP53, ERBB2, SOX9, AMER1 and AR. There were 64 nonsynonymous SNVs and 28 synonymous SNVs (data not shown).

Subsequently, a chi-square test was performed to examine the significant difference in pathCR group (n=6) and non-pathCR group (n=10). Through comparing the nonsynonymous mutational status of the pathCR group and non-pathCR group, 9 statistically significant nonsynonymous mutations were identified (Chi-square test; Table IIIA).

Table III.

Mutations with significant difference in frequency between pathCR and non-pathCR patients.

Table III.

Mutations with significant difference in frequency between pathCR and non-pathCR patients.

A, Mutations between pathCR (n=6) and non-pathCR patients (n=10)
GeneAmino acid changeOverall (%) n=16pathCR (%) n=6Non-pathCR (%) n=10ExcludedP-value
ARID1Ap.L2117M3 (18.8)3 (50)0 (0)0.0131
HDAC1p.F341V4 (25)4 (66.7)0 (0)0.0029
APCp.K1310M4 (25)4 (66.7)0 (0)0.0029
BRAFp.P75S4 (25)4 (66.7)0 (0)0.0029
ERBB3p.Y86H4 (25)4 (66.7)0 (0)0.0029
TP53p.T155I5 (31.3)5 (83.3)0 (0)0.0005
AMER1p.A504V5 (31.3)5 (83.3)0 (0)0.0005
AMER1p.V490D3 (18.8)3 (50)0 (0)0.0131
ARp.A700V5 (31.3)5 (83.3)0 (0)0.0005

B, Mutations between pathCR (n=6) and non-pathCR patients (total number=16-26, some patients were excluded)

GeneAmino acid changeOverall (%)pathCR (%) n=6Non-pathCR (%) ExcludedP-value

ARID1Ap.L2117M5 (15.6)3 (50)2 (7.7)  00.0101
HDAC1p.F341V8 (30.8)4 (66.7)4 (20)  60.0298
APCp.K1310M9 (29.0)4 (66.7)5 (20)  10.0237
BRAFp.P75S10 (38.5)4 (66.7)6 (30)  60.1054
ERBB3p.Y86H5 (17.9)4 (66.7)1 (4.5)  40.0004
TP53p.T155I11 (39.3)5 (83.3)6 (27.3)  40.0127
AMER1p.A504V12 (44.4)5 (83.3)7 (33.3)  50.0297
AMER1p.V490D3 (11.5)3 (50)0 (0)  60.0008
ARp.A700V9 (40.9)5 (83.3)4 (25)100.0132

[i] pathCR, pathologic complete response.

The three most significant SNVs were TP53 p.T155I, AMER1 p.A504 V and AR p.A700 V (Chi-square, P=0.0005). The results showed that p53 exon 5 had a mutation present in 5 out of 6 (83.3%) pathCR patients, comparing with none of the 10 non-pathCR patients. AMER1 p.A504 V and AR p.A700 V exhibited a similar trend. P-values of the six other significant SNVs ranged from 0.0029–0.0131. The frequencies of the other gene mutations were not significantly difference between pathCR and non-pathCR patients.

Validation of mutational status in the pathCR and non-pathCR groups

To further validate the authenticity of the 9 SNVs, the SNVs were assessed in the remaining 16 patients in the non-pathCR group. There were three possible conditions for the sites analyzed: Sites with <10× coverage, wild type sites with ≥10× coverage, mutant type sites with ≥10× coverage. For each loci, we excluded patients with <10× coverage of the site (Table IIIB) and added the mutation status of the remaining patients into the mutations status analysis of the first 16 patients. Table IIIB shows Chi-square analysis; 8 out of 9 SNVs passed this test, and one SNV (BRAF, p.P75S) was eliminated according to the P-value (P=0.1054).

The P-values changed with the addition of 16 patients. The most significant two SNVs were ERBB3 p.Y86H (Chi-square, P=0.0004) and AMER1 p.V490D (Chi-square, P=0.0008). ERBB3 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases genes. p.Y86H SNV in ERBB3 had a 66.7% mutation frequency (4/6 patients) in the pathCR group, compared with a 3.8% mutation frequency (1/22 patients) in the non-pathCR group. p.V490D SNV in AMER1, a regulator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, had a 50% mutation frequency in the pathCR group (3/6 patients), compared with 0% mutation frequency the in non-pathCR group (0/20 patients). The present study also showed that p.T155I in TP53 had an 83.3% mutation frequency in the pathCR group (5/6 patients), compared with a 27.3% mutation frequency in the non-pathCR group (6/22 patients; Chi-square, P=0.0127). Our study demonstrated that 8 SNVs were significantly associated with pathCR, which is in accordance with previous reports that mutations were correlated with increased OS (17,18).

Discussion

Previous reports showed the gain of chromosome 8 copies was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (19), and with advanced gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer (2022). In the present study, we focused on whether aneuploidy of chromosome 8 and gene mutations of CTCs could assist in predicting the response to preoperative CRT in rectal adenocarcinoma patients. Overall, 18.2% (6 out of 33) of patients achieved a pathCR following CRT. Notably, ≥5 copies of chromosome 8 was associated with pathCR by univariate logistic regression (P=0.042, Table II), which is in accordance with Chen et al (23). Chen reported that patients who achieved a pathCR had significantly fewer high copy gains overall than non-pathCR patients (P=0.01) (23).

To investigate the influence of gene mutations of CTCs on response to preoperative chemoradiation, we developed a workflow to genotype of CTCs from patients. In summary, we captured CTCs, amplified the DNA and sequenced. The coverage breadth (sites with ≥10× coverage) in pathCR group ranged from 50.20–73.68%. For the issues of coverage breadth and the limited number of pathCR patients, all six patients in pathCR group and ten patients in non-pathCR group with coverage breadth (sites with ≥10× coverage) >80% were used in initial analysis. Among all the covered regions, 64 nonsynonymous SNVs were identified in the 16 patients. Of the 64 nonsynonymous SNVs, the frequencies of 9 nonsyonymous SNVs (Table IIIA) were significantly different between the pathCR group and non-pathCR group. The 9 SNVs were subsequently analyzed in the remaining 16 patients in the non-pathCR group and added the mutation status of these patients to that of the first 16 patients; following this, 8 SNVs exhibited significant differences between the groups (Table IIIB). For example, p.T155I in TP53 was detected in 83.3% of patients in the pathCR group, compared with 27.3% of the non-pathCR group (6/22 patient; Chi-square, P=0.0127). Although the impact of p53 mutations on patient survival remains unclear, previous work has showed that the Arg variant of codon 72, located in exon 4 of p53 gene, enhances the pro-apoptotic ability of the protein (24,25). Patients in the present study may have a similar activating mutation in p53.

The other 7 SNVs had mutation frequencies of 50–83.3% in pathCR group compared with 0–33.3% in the non-pathCR group (Chi-square, P≤0.0131). The present study showed that mutations in 8 SNVs were significantly associated with pathCR, which in in accordance with previous reports that various mutations are correlated with increased OS (17,18).

Our current workflow has several limitations that should be overcome in subsequent studies, including the WGA success rate. Our results demonstrated that the WGA success rate [≥80% coverage breadth (sites with ≥10× coverage)] of LCM-dissected CTC samples was 30.3% (10 out of 33 CTCs) in 36-gene study; however, when the MALBAC technique was used previously on live single cells, and the WGA success rate was ~90% (18) (data not shown). The low WGA amplification was possibly due to the poor DNA quality caused by the workflow. However, the current CTCs method has high sensitivity compared with other variable CTC methods and we are still improving the protocol to reduce damage to CTCs and increase the WGA success rate (26). Improvements in the following aspects may improve the WGA amplification: Optimizing the fixation conditions to reduce the degradation of DNA; and extending the lysis time to uncover the DNA template.

In conclusion, the present study suggests that the number of chromosome 8 copies and 8 nonsynonymous mutations (in ARID1A, HDAC1, APC, ERBB3, TP53, AMER1and AR) in CTCs were associated with pathCR. Out of 6 patients whose CTCs had <5 copies of chromosome 8, 3 had pathCR (3/6 patient, 50%) and of 27 patients whose CTCs had ≥5 copies of chromosome 8 only 3 had pathCR (3/27 patients, 11.1%; Chi-square test, P=0.0255). The 8 SNVs were reported had mutation frequencies of 50–83.3% in the pathCR group compared with 0–33.3% mutation frequency in the non-pathCR group. In the future we aim to perform larger, prospective studies and analyze long-term follow-up survival data.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

The present study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81372432).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

JFW, XQL, JZ and ZZ conceived of and designed the study. JFW, XQL, JZ, CYC, LFY, JZ, GCL, LPL, LJS, HZ, JL and YTZ performed the analyses. JFW, XQL, JZ, CYC, LFY, JZ, GCL, LJS and HZ prepared all the tables. JFW, CYC, JZ and XQL wrote the main manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All patients signed informed consent and the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center Ethics Review Board approved the study.

Consent for publication

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the present study.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Glossary

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:

pathCR

pathologic complete response

CTCs

circulating tumor cells

CRT

preoperative chemoradiotherapy

LARC

locally advanced rectal cancer

TME

total mesorectal excision

SNVs

single nucleotide variants

LCM

laser capture microdissection

MALBAC

multiple annealing and looping-based amplification cycles

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August-2018
Volume 16 Issue 2

Print ISSN: 1792-1074
Online ISSN:1792-1082

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Wan JF, Li XQ, Zhang J, Yang LF, Zhu J, Li GC, Liang LP, Shen LJ, Zhang H, Li J, Li J, et al: Aneuploidy of chromosome 8 and mutation of circulating tumor cells predict pathologic complete response in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer. Oncol Lett 16: 1863-1868, 2018
APA
Wan, J., Li, X., Zhang, J., Yang, L., Zhu, J., Li, G. ... Zhang, Z. (2018). Aneuploidy of chromosome 8 and mutation of circulating tumor cells predict pathologic complete response in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer. Oncology Letters, 16, 1863-1868. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8831
MLA
Wan, J., Li, X., Zhang, J., Yang, L., Zhu, J., Li, G., Liang, L., Shen, L., Zhang, H., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Zhang, Z."Aneuploidy of chromosome 8 and mutation of circulating tumor cells predict pathologic complete response in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer". Oncology Letters 16.2 (2018): 1863-1868.
Chicago
Wan, J., Li, X., Zhang, J., Yang, L., Zhu, J., Li, G., Liang, L., Shen, L., Zhang, H., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Zhang, Z."Aneuploidy of chromosome 8 and mutation of circulating tumor cells predict pathologic complete response in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer". Oncology Letters 16, no. 2 (2018): 1863-1868. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8831