Meta‑analysis of gene expression alterations and clinical significance of the HECT domain‑containing ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 in cancer
- Authors:
- Published online on: July 5, 2019 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10579
- Pages: 2292-2303
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Copyright: © Su et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Tumorigenesis results from dysregulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors that influence cellular proliferation, differentiation, senescence or apoptosis (1). Protein degradation is essential for homeostasis and the survival of cells (2). Ubiquitination targets proteins for proteasome-mediated degradation by the covalent attachment of one or more ubiquitin molecules to a lysine residue (2–4). In addition to regulating protein turnover, this post-translational modification contributes to other cellular processes, including the regulation of protein trafficking and subcellular distribution, signal transduction, cell cycle, apoptosis and DNA repair (5–7).
Protein ubiquitination is performed by a trio of enzymes, termed ubiquitin-activating enzyme, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and ubiquitin protein ligase (E3). The E3 ligases determine the substrate specificity of the ubiquitination reactions (3,6,8). E3 ubiquitin ligases are a large family of proteins that are classified into three major structurally distinct types: N-end rule E3s; E3s containing the homology to E6AP C-terminus (HECT) domain; and E3s with a Really Interesting New Gene finger domain, including its derivatives, the Plant Homeo-Domain and the U-Box (9). HECT E3s were first reported in 1995, as the first E3s described (2). HECT E3s serve important roles in sporadic and hereditary human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular (Liddle's syndrome) and neurological (Angelman syndrome) disorders, and in disease-relevant processes, including bone homeostasis, immune responses and retroviral budding (10).
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (HUWE1) is a recently-identified 500 kDa HECT domain-containing E3 ligase, that serves a critical role in proteasomal degradation of several proteins, including p53, c-Myc, myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1), cell division cycle 6 (Cdc6), histones, N-Myc, Msx-interacting-zinc finger 1(Miz1), DNA topoisomerase 2-binding protein 1, DNA polymerase β, mitofusin 2, histone deacetylase 2 and Ras association domain family member 1 (1,11–21). However, whether any of these existing or other unidentified substrates mediate the major function of HUWE1 in cell proliferation remains unclear. One study demonstrated that silencing HUWE1 increased apoptosis by ubiquitination and degradation of Mcl-1, while another study reported that silencing HUWE1 increased survival by ubiquitination and degradation of p53 in the same cell line (1,6,14). Experiments performed in a HDM2-null genetic background confirmed that ARF-induced stabilization of p53 involved HUWE (22). However, other data could not demonstrate the inhibitory activity of ARF toward HUWE1 (15). Furthermore, HUWE1 was incapable of regulating p53 abundance in response to DNA-damage stress, while other substrates, including Mcl-1 and Cdc6, were ubiquitylated and degraded (16). In addition, the steady-state protein levels of p53 were not increased by depletion of HUWE1 in neuroblastoma cells (6,21). Another study demonstrated that HUWE1 assembled Lysine (Lys) 63-linked polyubiquitin chains on c-Myc and this modification was revealed to be required for gene activation by c-Myc (15). However, other data revealed that HUWE1 ubiquitylates N-Myc via Lys48-mediated linkages and targets it for destruction by the proteasome (21), and post-translational modifications of c-Myc do not appear to be required for its interaction with p300 (23,24).
Previous studies have indicated that HUWE1 may either serve an oncogenic or anti-oncogenic function depending on the type of cancer (14,25,26). In addition, it has been demonstrated that HUWE1 serves important roles in proteasomal degradation of several proteins in various types of cancer (1,11–21). However, the precise role of HUWE1 expression remains controversial due to conflicting evidence. Notably, the HUWE1 gene exhibits an important role in various types of tumor, including lung, breast and colorectal carcinomas (1,8,14,15). Compared with normal tissue the expression levels of HUWE1 are higher in numerous types of primary human tumors, predominantly solid tumor, including lung, breast, colon and prostate carcinoma, as well as glioblastoma (14). By contrast, HUWE1 is undetectable or expressed at very low levels in normal epithelium, in benign polyps, and pancreatic cancer (14,27). These results suggest that HUWE1 may serve an important role depending on the type of cancer.
In order to analyze the expression of HUWE1 in various types of cancer and to investigate the molecular mechanism of HUWE1 in the regulation of tumor development, the present study evaluated HUWE1 expression using the Oncomine database. Gene alterations during carcinogenesis, copy number alterations and mutations of HUWE1 were also examined using cBioPortal, which is the International Cancer Genome Consortium and the Tumorscape database.
Materials and methods
Oncomine database analysis
Expression levels of HUWE1 in cancer vs. normal tissues were analyzed using the ‘cancer vs. normal’ filter in the Oncomine database (https://www.oncomine.org/resource/login.html) (28,29). All data conforming to the criteria of P<0.01, fold-change >2 and a gene rank percentile <10%, were included in the present study (20–33). The advanced analysis criteria were adjusted as follows: P<0.0001, fold-change >2 and gene ranking in the top 10%. A heat map was used to present the expression profile of HUWE1 in various cancer types.
Kaplan-Meier analysis
The Kaplan-Meier plotter database (http://kmplot.com/analysis/) (34) was used to assess the effect of 54,675 genes on survival using 10,461 cancer samples. This included 5,143 breast, 1,816 ovarian, 2,437 lung and 1,065 gastric cancer cases with a mean follow-up of 69, 40, 49 and 33 months, respectively. The primary purpose of the tool is for meta-analysis-based biomarker assessment. The association between the expression levels of HUWE1 and survival rates in breast, gastric, ovarian and lung cancer were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier plotter. The hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval and log rank P-value were calculated.
Prognoscan database analysis
The PrognoScan database (http://dna00.bio.kyutech.ac.jp/PrognoScan/) (35) was searched to determine the association between the expression levels of HUWE1 and survival rates in various cancer types. The threshold was adjusted to Cox P<0.05.
Identifying the proteins that interact with HUWE1
The search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins (STRING v.10) analysis tool (https://string-db.org/) was used to identify interacting proteins, with ‘HUWE1 (Homo sapiens)’ used as the query. Several previously identified partners have been genetically verified and therefore served as the foundation for revealing other protein partners in the network. If any identified proteins were not specific to the HUWE1 network, they were excluded from the gene signature (36).
cBioPortal database analysis
The cBioPortal (http://cbioportal.org) was used to investigate mutations and copy number alterations (CNAs) of the HUWE1 gene and the predicted protein partners in various cancer types. The cBioPortal is a website used for investigating, visualizing and analyzing multidimensional cancer genomics data (37,38). The threshold criteria of studies were dataset ≥100 samples and samples with >20% alteration frequency (37).
Statistical analysis
The Prognoscan and Kaplan-Meier plots were used to generate survival curves. All results were reviewed with a P-value from a log-rank test, and with Oncomine and heat maps. Oncomine reported the statistical significance with a P-value.
Results
HUWE1 transcript expression by cancer type
To investigate the function of HUWE1 in different cancer types, the Oncomine database was used to compare HUWE1 expression levels between tumor and normal tissues. The HUWE1 mRNA expression levels in the tissue of origin were selected and compared using the ‘cancer vs. normal’ filter. For inclusion and further evaluation, data matching the following criteria were selected: P<0.01 and fold-change >2, or P<0.0001 and fold-change >2. Statistical analyses, including P-values, two-tailed Student's t-test and multiple testing corrections, were performed using the Oncomine default algorithms. Compared with normal tissue, HUWE1 was overexpressed in various tumor types, while it exhibited lower expression levels in other tumor types. These results indicated that HUWE1 may serve either an oncogenic or tumor suppressor function depending on the cancer type (Fig. 1). Accordingly, further detailed analyses of HUWE1 were performed.
The analysis revealed that HUWE1 was overexpressed in leukemia and lung cancer, but was under expressed in glioblastoma, lymphoma, sarcoma and testicular seminoma tissues compared with normal tissues
However, the expression of HUWE1 in breast and prostate cancers remains controversial (Fig. 2; Table I).
Genetic expression levels of HUWE1 and patient survival
The association between the expression levels of HUWE1 and OS rate of patients with colorectal cancer was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Patients with colorectal cancer with a high expression level of HUWE1 exhibited a significantly higher survival rate (Fig. 3). Analysis of gastric cancer revealed an association between a high expression level of HUWE1 and low OS rate. HUWE1 expression and PFS rate of patients with ovarian cancer were not statistically significant (P=1.50×10−1 and P=3.30×10−1; Fig. 4). The significance of the association of HUWE1 expression and survival rates in lung and breast cancer remains inconclusive (Figs. 3B and 4).
The expression of HUWE1 was evaluated using the cBioPortal database. The data demonstrated lower expression levels of HUWE1 in brain, lymphoma and round cell liposarcoma; however, its roles in lung and breast cancer were uncertain (Table II). Despite this controversy, certain data agreed with previously published reports. Previous studies have demonstrated that HUWE1 is highly expressed in a significant proportion of lung and breast carcinomas (14,15), and lowly expressed in colorectal carcinomas; HUWE1 expression was positively correlated with tumor stage and negatively correlated with p53 protein expression (26).
Proteins associated with HUWE1
Functional proteins understood to be associated with HUWE1 were selected by STRING analysis tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins. The ten predicted protein partners of HUWE1 were as follows (Fig. 5): non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein, transmembrane protein 164, protein Jade-3 (PHF16), TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAB3), TPP synthase 2 (CTPS2), solute carrier family 9 member A7 (SLC9A7), thyroid hormone receptor interactor 12, zinc finger protein 280C, ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 (UBA1) and RNA binding motif protein 10 (RBM10). The above ten predicted proteins were analyzed by the cBioPortal database, each protein according to the threshold criteria of studies, and datasets ≥100 samples and samples with >20% alteration frequency were selected for further analysis: RBM10, UBA1, PHF16, TAB3, CTPS2 and SLC9A7.
Alterations of HUWE1 in different cancer types
To investigate mutations and CNAs of the HUWE1 gene and the six predicted protein partners in various cancer types, the cBioPortal tool was used to analyze 91 cancer studies. In total, 11 of these studies included ≥100 samples in the dataset and samples with >20% alteration frequency. The alteration frequency ranged between 20.00 and 42.10% (Table III)(39–45). HUWE1 mutations occurred in many domains of the protein, predominantly in the C-terminus. Following database analysis, it was indicated that the most critical site mutation E4177K/X4177 occurs at the C-terminus. The higher the value of the vertical axis, the higher the mutation rate. Therefore, it is suggested that since C-terminus had the highest mutation rate, it may have the greatest impact on the function of HUWE1 (Fig. 6) and the highest mutation frequencies were revealed in neuroendocrine prostate cancer (Fig. 7).
Table III.Alteration frequency of a six-gene signature (RBM10, UBA1, JADE3, TAB3, CTPS2 and SLC9A7) in different cancer types. |
Subsequently, OncoPrint was used to query for alterations in the RBM10, UBA1, JADE3, TAB3, CTPS2 and SLC9A7 genes. The proportion of alterations in these genes among prostate cancer varied between 1.8 and 2.5% for individual genes (RBM10, 2%; UBA1, 2.5%; JADE, 3.2%; TAB3, 1.7% CTPS2, 1.9%; and SLC9A7, 1.8%; Fig. 8). The UBA1 gene demonstrated a high level of amplification in prostate cancer.
A co-expression gene profile for HUWE1 in breast cancer was generated using Oncomine (Fig. 9). HUWE1 was revealed to be co-expressed with roundabout guidance receptor 1 (ROBO1), ectodysplasin A (EDA), spalt like transcription factor 1 (SALL1), p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 2 (PAK2) and glutamyl aminopeptidase (ENPEP).
Discussion
HUWE1 is a HECT E3 ligase that serves a critical role in proteasomal degradation of several proteins and participates in cell cycle control, DNA damage response and tumorigenesis (1,11–22). However, to the best of our knowledge, whether any of these existing or unidentified substrates, including p53, MCL-1 and cdc6 ect, mediate the predominant function of ARF-BP1, also named MULE, HUWE1, in cell proliferation remains unclear. HUWE1 was first identified in 2005 (14); however, it remains unclear whether it can serve as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis or prognosis. To investigate this, the present study selected data according to the expression of several genes with clearly defined parameters between cancer and normal tissues. In the Oncomine analysis, HUWE1 was revealed to be overexpressed in leukemia and lung cancer, but was downregulated in brain cancer, lymphoma, sarcoma and testicular seminoma, compared with normal tissue. To further investigate the survival rates of patients with different expression levels of HUWE1, the associations between the expression levels of HUWE1 and the survival rates of patients were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and PrognoScan. In general, high expression levels of HUWE1 were associated with lower survival rates for patients with ovarian cancer (30–33,46–55); however, the results for lung cancer were not clear.
The main four causes of cancer are somatically-acquired genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic and proteomic alterations in cells. These alterations occur in specific genomic regions, which can result in tumor suppressive or oncogenic effects (56). The cBioPortal analysis identified cancer types with significant CNAs in the selected HUWE1-gene signature. In total, 11 cancer studies representing 681 samples were analyzed, which contained >20% alteration frequency and ≥100 samples in the dataset. The alteration frequency ranged between 20.00 and 42.10%, with the dominance hierarchy.
The cBioPortal was used for interactive analysis and visualization of the HUWE1-associated network. The network was generated based on pathways and interactions from the Human Protein Reference database, Reactome Pathway database, National Cancer Institute Pathway Interaction database and the MSKCC Cancer Cell Map (56,57). The generated network improves understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HUWE1 in cancer.
The Oncomine database presents a potentially significant list of co-expressed genes that are critical in defining pathways. HUWE1 was identified to be co-expressed with ROBO1 in breast carcinoma, as well as with EDA, SALL1, PAK2 and ENPEP. This analysis may assist future studies regarding the function of HUWE1.
However, the precise role of HUWE1 remains controversial due to conflicting evidence. To investigate the role of HUWE1 in various cancer types, the Oncomine platform, which includes data from ~90,000 microarray experiments, was used to assess gene expression in different cancer types (28,29). In addition, the survival of patients with cancer was assessed using Kaplan-Meier plots and the PrognoScan database (34,38). Co-expressed data show that HUWE1 may regulate proteins and the signaling pathways involved in these proteins, which may assist in the examination of the molecular mechanism by which HUWE1 regulates cellular biological functions. The function and regulatory mechanisms of genes can be identified by STRING (36).
An aim of the present study was to determine whether CNAs of the HUWE1 network were associated with aggressive cancer subtypes, based on both the cBioPortal and Tumorscape (37,38,58). The role of HUWE1 in different cancer types was first analyzed. It was revealed that HUWE1 may serve an oncogenic role in breast, brain, central nervous system and prostate cancer types, and may serve a tumor suppressive role in colorectal cancer and certain types of lung cancer. In addition, the associations between HUWE1 expression levels and patient survival rates were investigated. According to STRING analysis, co-expression analysis demonstrated that HUWE1 was co-expressed with ROBO1 in breast carcinoma, as well as with EDA, HIST1S1T, SALL1, PAK2, ENPEP, B3GAT3 and ROBO1. The relationship between the expression of HUWE1 and prognosis remains unclear. By contrast, a high HUWE1 expression level was associated with a poor prognosis for gastric and ovarian cancer. The cBioPortal and Tumorscape analyses identified a HUWE1 alteration frequency of 20–42%, with the highest frequency observed in prostate cancer. In summary, HUWE1-coexpressed proteins may be used to further elucidate the function of HUWE1 in specific types of cancer.
The present study interpreted multidimensional oncogenic data. The use of databases contributes to improved understanding of cancer molecular etiology and epidemiology, which may assist with the translation of genomic understanding into clinical practice (59). The current study aimed to use extensive oncogenic databases to improve understanding regarding the molecular mechanisms mediated by HUWE1. In conclusion, HUWE1 may serve as a target for treatment strategies and act as a biomarker for certain cancer types.
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge all of the data contributors of the TCGA, Oncomine, Kaplan-Meier plotter, Prognoscan, STRING and cBioPortal databases, which generously providing cyber resources for the scientists for the exploration, visualization and analysis of the multidimensional genomics data of cancer.
Funding
This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 31501114 and 81502035), the Foundation of Xiamen City (grant no. 3502Z20174080) and the Foundation of Fujian Province (grant no. 2018-ZQN-87).
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from Oncomine, Kaplan-Meier plotter, Prognoscan, STRING and cBioPortal databases, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of Oncomine, Kaplan-Meier plotter, Prognoscan, STRING and cBioPortal databases.
Authors' contributions
JH and CS conceived the study. CS, TW, JZ and JC analyzed the data. JH, CS and TW wrote and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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