The biological functions and mechanism of miR‑212 in prostate cancer proliferation, migration and invasion via targeting Engrailed-2
- Authors:
- Published online on: July 12, 2017 https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5805
- Pages: 1411-1419
-
Copyright: © Zhou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy all over the world, and one of the most common leading cause of cancer-specific mortality in men, which causes 913,000 new cases and >261,000 deaths worldwide each year (1,2). As the development of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) serum level screening and the prostate biopsy through transrectal ultrasound-guided method, the detection rate and incidence of PCa is markedly increased (3). Currently, therapeutic schedules for this disease in a localized stage or when it is still castration-sensitive would have good results in most of the patients. However, such handlings are only palliative in the advanced stage (4). Therefore, new biomarkers and therapeutic targets should be found to get effective treatments for more aggressive stages in prostate cancer.
miRNAs are a kind of small, 20–22 nucleotides non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of hundreds of target genes through binding to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of their target mRNAs (5). miRNAs play critical roles in many kinds of physiological and pathological processes, such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, differentiation, development, stress response and migration (6,7). A growing number of evidence has revealed that miRNAs act as either tumor suppressors or promoters in the process of many kinds of tumors and play important roles in regulating the posttranscriptional gene expression (8–10). miR-212 which is located on chromosome 17p13.3 and share an identical 5′-seed sequence (11). It has been demonstrated that miR-212 is markedly overexpressed in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (12) and colorectal carcinoma (13), but low-expressed in gastric cancer (14) and non-small cell lung cancers (15). Moreover, studies have shown that dysregulated miR-212 plays a critical role in the proliferation and invasion of many solid malignancies, which makes it a potential target for tumor treatment (16). However, the exact function of miR-212 in PCa has not yet been studied.
Engrailed-2 (EN-2), which is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, was recently verified to be involved in the development of prostate cancer (17) and is also confirmed to express abnormally in prostate cancer cell lines (18). Recent studies had shown that EN-2 is a potential biomarker for prostate cancer (19,20). While the regulatory mechanism and the role in progress of prostate cancer still almost known.
In this study, we aimed to detect the expression of miR-212 in PCa tissues and cell lines as well as to illustrate the role of miR-212 in PCa cell line proliferation, colony formation and migration. Importantly, we also illustrate EN-2 as a potential target gene of miR-212.
Materials and methods
Collection and cell lines
Prostate cancer samples and the adjacent normal tissues were collected from 58 patients who underwent tumor-resection surgery in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from September 1, 2014 to January 1, 2016. Patients signed an informed consent form. The tissues were separately frozen in liquid nitrogen for further study. Protocols were approved by the institutional ethics committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital and carried out in accordance with the guidelines for ethical management. PCa cell lines, PC3 and DU145, and prostate epithelial cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA). PC3 was incubated in F-12 medium, and DU145 was grown in DMEM medium (Life Technologies, Inc., USA), and all the mediums were supplemented with penicillin/streptomycin (100 U/ml and 100 mg/ml, respectively) and 10% fetal bovine serum (Life Technologies Inc.). The human prostate epithelial cells (hPrEC) were cultured in prostate epithelium basal media. All the cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2.
Quantitative real-time PCR
Total RNA was extracted from the tissues or cells via TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions and quantified with UV absorbancy at 260 and 280 nm (A260/280). Subsequently the RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA by using reverse transcription system (Thermo Scientific, CA, USA). The expression level of miR-212 was detected by the Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-time PCR system (ABI) using the TaqMan MicroRNA assay kits (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA). U6 was used as the control normalizer. The gene expression of EN-2 was also analyzed by SYBR Green and normalized with GAPDH. The specificity of primer sequences was analyzed by dissociation curve, 2−ΔΔCt (cycle threshold) was used to calculate the relative gene expression levels.
Western blotting
Protein from tissues or cells was collected by using RIPA buffer which contain a protease inhibitor cocktail and phosphatase inhibitors (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions and quantified via bicinchoninic acid (BCA) kit (Thermo Scientific). Protein samples (30 µg) were separated by SDS-PAGE and then transferred onto the polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF, Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) membranes. Western blotting was performed using anti-β-actin, anti-EN-2, anti-Bcl-2 and anti-Bax (CST, Denver, CO, USA). The protein levels were detected with an ECL kit (Thermo Scientific) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
CCK-8 assay measurements of the proliferation of PCa cells
CCK-8 assay was performed to evaluate cell proliferation according to the manufacturer's instructions. For experiments the cells were seeded at a density of 5×103 cells per well in 96-well plates and cultured for various periods of time (0, 24, 48 and 72 h). The absorbance at 450 nm was measured using an electroluminescence immunosorbent assay reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
Apoptosis of PCa cells were detected by flow cytometry
Cells were collected and washed twice with cold phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) to remove floating cells then labeled with Annexin V-FITC (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). Apoptosis were evaluated with a flow cytometry analyzer. Data were analyzed by Flowjo 7.6 software.
TUNEL detection of apoptosis of PCa cells
Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, permeabilized in 0.2% Triton X-100, and incubated with the TUNEL detection kit from Roche (Roche, Shanghai, China) at 37°C for 1 h. The samples were mounted in mounting media containing DAPI. Fluorescent images were captured using a fluorescence microscope. The total number of DAPI positive cells and total number of TUNEL positive cells were counted.
Cell invasion assays
Cell invasion assays were performed by using 24-well Transwell plates (BD Biocoat, USA). Cells transfected with the miR-212 mimics and mimic control for 24 h. Then the cells were plated onto the 24-well upper chamber with a membrane that was pre-treated with Matrigel (100 µg per well; BD Biosciences). In the lower portion of the chamber, fresh medium containing 10% FBS was added. After the cells were incubated for 24 h at 37°C, the cells in the upper chamber were removed. Invaded cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde, stained with 0.5% crystal violet, and counted under a microscope.
Wound healing assay
Cells were seeded into 6-well plates. Wounds were created in the confluent cell monolayer using a 200-µl sterile pipette tip, and the other free-floating cells and debris were removed by washing with PBS three times. Medium was then added, and the culture plates were incubated at 37°C for another 24 or 48 h. Wound healing within the scraped wound line was measured at a 48-h time-point by using microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
Dual luciferase reporter assay
TargetScan software (http://www.targetscan.org/) was used to identify the potential target gene of miR-212. The putative miR-212 binding sites or mutant at the 3′-UTR of EN-2 were cloned into a vector and EN-2 3′-UTR WT or EN-2 3′-UTR Mut, was generated, respectively. EN-2 3′-UTR WT or EN-2 3′-UTR Mut was transfected into PCa cells which stably overexpressed miR-212 and transfected with negative control. Dual-Luciferase Reporter assay system (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) was used to detect the luciferase activity 36 h after transfection.
Lentivirus production and transfection
The LV-miR-212 mimics and mimics control were purchased from Gene-Chem (Shanghai, China). Cells were seed into 24-well plates at a density of 30% and cultured overnight before transfection. Cells were transfected with miR-212 mimics or mimics control by using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocols.
Animals and xenograft
In this study all the animal procedures and experiments were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The 6–8-week-old nude male mice [BALB/c A-nu (nu/nu)] were purchased from Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and housed in the Animal Resource Facility at Laboratory Animal Centre. Cells stably expressing either miR-212 overexpression (LV-miR-212) or miRNA control were injected subcutaneously into the mice. The volume of the tumor was recorded for 7 weeks (once each week).
Statistical analysis
All quantitative data presented are the mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. The relationship between the expression level of miR-212 and clinicopathological parameters was examined using Fisher's exact test or χ2 test. One-way ANOVA test or Student's t-test was used to analyze the other date. The significant statistical differences level was set at P<0.05. SPSS 18.0 and Graph Pad Prism 6.0 software were used for date analysis.
Results
The expression level of miR-212 and EN-2 in human PCa tissues and PCa cell lines
In order to confirm the molecular mechanisms underlying PCa, we analyzed the expression level of miR-212 and EN-2 in a series of clinical PCa tissues. Results showed that miR-212 was markedly decreased in cancer samples when compared with the adjacent normal tissues (Fig. 1A). In contrary, the level of EN-2 mRNA was over-expressed (Fig. 1B). Subsequently, we measured the miR-212 and EN-2 level in PCa cell lines and the human prostate epithelial cells (hPrEC) by RT-qPCR. As shown in Fig. 1C, the expression level of miR-212 in PCa cells was significantly lower than that in hPrEC cells. While the expression level of EN-2 had the opposite trend (Fig. 1D). The relationship between miR-212 expression level and clinicopathological features in our PCa cases is presented in Table I. The decreased miR-212 was significantly associated with high Gleason scores (P<0.05). As shown in Table I, the decreased levels of miR-212 was present in 3 of 11 (27.3%) cases with low Gleason score (<7), 8 of 17 (47.1%) cases with Gleason score 7, but 21 of 30 (70.0%) cases with high Gleason score (>7). The expression level of miR-212 was obviously decreased in PCa patients with distant metastasis (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant difference between miR-212 level and the age of the patients, PSA levels or tumor stage.
 | Table I.The relationship between miR-212 expression level and clinicopathological features in our PCa cases. |
Upregulation of miR-212 inhibits PCa cell survival, proliferation, invasion and migration
Next, in order to verify the role of miR-212 in control PCa cell survival and progress, miR-212 mimics and miR-NC were transfected into DU145 cells, then cells were collected for analysis. The level of miR-212 was detected by qRT-PCR. Results showed that the expression level of miR-212 in the mimic group was markedly increased when compared with the control (Fig. 2). CCK-8 assay demonstrated that miR-212 upregulation significantly suppressed DU145 cells proliferation (Fig. 3A). Moreover, the TUNEL and flow cytometry assays demonstrated that the apoptosis of DU145 cells was increased when transfected with miR-212 mimics (Figs. 3B and C and 4A), whereas, the protein expression levels of Bcl-2 decreased and Bax markedly increased in DU145 cells after transfected with miR-212 mimics (Fig. 4B). Subsequently, we measured the effect of miR-212 on cell invasion, the Transwell assays indicated that miR-212 mimics transfected DU145 cells markedly suppressed cell invasion ability when compared to the mimic control cells (Fig. 3D and E). A similar tendency was discovered in the wound healing assays (Fig. 5). These outcomes clearly suggested that restoration of the expression of miR-212 inhibits PCa cell proliferation, invasion and migration.
miR-212 decreases EN-2 expression by binding to 3′-UTR of its mRNA
In order to illustrate that EN-2 is a direct target of miR-212, EN-2 wild-type (WT) or mutant 3′-UTR (Mut) (Fig. 6A) were subcloned into a luciferase reporter vector and co-transfected with miR-212 mimics or negative control (NC) into PCa cells. Then, luciferase activity was detected after 48-h transfection. The results demonstrated that miR-212 markedly inhibited luciferase activity of the EN-2 WT 3′-UTR but had no influence on the mutant (Fig. 6B). To verify whether miR-212 can regulate the expression of EN-2, miR-212 mimics was transfected into DU145 cells for analysis. Results showed that the mRNA and protein level of EN-2 was markedly suppressed by miR-212 upregulation (Figs. 6C-E and 8).
EN-2 re-introduction reverses the anti-cell survival and metastasis role of miR-212
In order to study the effect of EN-2 in PCa survival and invasion, miR-212 mimics and pcDNA-EN-2 were co-transfected into PCa cell lines, and after transfected for 48 h, cell survival and the ability of invasion were measured. Results showed that restoration of EN-2 reversed the anti-cell survival actions of miR-212 and the cell proliferation ability also recovered in comparison to miR-212 mimics (Figs. 3A-C and 4A). Moreover, the capability of invasion of PCa cells was significantly restored via upregulation of EN-2 when compared with miR-212 mimics (Fig. 3D and E), the migration ability of PCa cells was markedly increased by EN-2 restoration when compared with miR-212 mimics (Fig. 5).
Upregulation of miR-212 suppresses PCa growth in vivo
In order to confirm the role of miR-212 against tumor growth in vivo, an animal model was made by nude mice subcutaneously injected with LV-miR-212. The tumor volume of subcutaneous xenograft tumors in nude mice apparently decreased with miR-212 upregulation when compared with the LV-control and the significant difference emerged from 4-week post-tumor transplantation (Fig. 7).
Discussion
PCa is the most frequently diagnosed malignance in men, and it is the second cause of tumor-related death in developed countries (1,21). Therefore, the early diagnosis is of great importance to allow successful treatment. Currently, the main methods for PCa diagnosis are PSA testing, digital rectal examination (DRE), PCA3, multiparametric magnetic resonance image (mpMRI) and Gleason score (22). However, the therapeutic approaches are relatively limited. miRNAs are a series of small non-coding RNAs that are widely involved in both physiological and pathological condition (23–25). For example, miR-135a and miR-21 are separately taken part in the cancer pathological process and insulin resistance (26,27). At the same time, there are studies also reporting that miR-125b and miR-449a are respectively, participating in the physiological condition of apoptosis and autophagy (28,29). It has been widely spread that dysregulation of miRNAs may cause cells dysfunction and further give rise to oncogenesis (30). Therefore, research on miRNAs may illustrate the understanding of PCa development and be a great help for recognizing potential biomarkers.
miR-212 is one of the most important miRNAs that has been studied in many kinds of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancer (31,32). In our study, we firstly investigated the expression level of miR-212 in PCa patients and found that it was markedly decreased in PCa patient tissues than in the adjacent normal tissues. In PCa cell lines, the level of miR-212 also decreased compared to the hPrEC. Importantly, the low level of miR-212 has a significant correlation with high Gleason score and distant metastasis. These results suggested that miR-212 play an important role in the pathogenesis of PCa.
Previous research has revealed that miR-212 negatively regulates starvation-induced autophagy in PCa cells by inhibiting SIRT1, upregulation of miR-212 also leads to suppression of angiogenesis and cellular senescence (33). In this study, overexpression of miR-212 significantly suppressed cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and markedly promoted apoptosis of PCa cells. Bcl-2 and Bax are apoptosis-related genes. In this study, we found that upregulation of miR-212, regulates Bcl-2 family members, the level of Bax increased and the Bcl-2 decreased, while the recovery of EN-2 promoted the Bcl-2 resistance to apoptosis and inhibited Bax promoting apoptosis. Which was consistent with the above previous study. In order to further research the function of miR-212 in PCa cells, we detected the role of miR-212 in the growth of subcutaneous xenograft tumors in nude mice. In accordance with the in vitro study, upregulation of the expression of miR-212 suppressed the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo. Collectively, these results sustained the concept that miR-212 may act as a tumor suppressor in PCa.
Many target genes for miR-212 have been found in various kinds of malignancies such as Lin28B in PCa (34). There are also some other targets for miR-212, including RB, SMAD2, FOXA1 and SGK3 have been reported in some other cancers (11,32,35,36). Although the role of miR-212 has been studied in many tumors, its mechanistic role in PCa is still unclear. Increasing evidence has recognized that EN-2 acts as a novel well-known biomarker for diagnosing PCa (37,38), while its effect on PCa oncogenesis has not been defined. There are also studies demonstrating that the expression of EN-2 dysregulated in many human cancers, and inhibiting EN-2 expression can suppress the development of bladder cancer and chronic myelogenous leukemia (39,40), which suggested that EN-2 play an important role in the progression of cancer. In order to study the involvement of EN-2 and the role of interaction between miR-212 and EN-2 in oncogenesis of PCa, we studied PCa cell activity in DU145 cells co-transfected with miR-212 mimics and pcDNA-EN-2. Results demonstrated that EN-2 restoration effectively reversed repressive effect of miR-212 on cell survival and progression. In this study, we also confirmed that EN-2 was as a direct target gene of miR-212 in PCa cells.
As demonstrated above, the level of miR-212 was downregulated in PCa patients and the cell lines. Upregulation of miR-212 markedly suppressed PCa cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis and it may be via targeting EN-2. Our findings introduced a better understanding of miR-212 in PCa progression, which is likely to provide more precise targets for diagnostic and therapeutics against PCa, and we will carry out further study to confirm this suggestion.
Glossary
Abbreviations
Abbreviations:
|
PCa |
prostate cancer |
|
EN-2 |
Engrailed-2 |
|
PSA |
prostate specific antigen |
References
|
Siegel RL, Miller KD and Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 65:5–29. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C and Parkin DM: Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 127:2893–2917. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Cuzick J, Thorat MA, Andriole G, Brawley OW, Brown PH, Culig Z, Eeles RA, Ford LG, Hamdy FC, Holmberg L, et al: Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer. Lancet Oncol. 15:e484–e492. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Chen FZ and Zhao XK: Prostate cancer: Current treatment and prevention strategies. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 15:279–284. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bartel DP: MicroRNAs: Target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell. 136:215–233. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Steinfeld I, Navon R, Ach R and Yakhini Z: miRNA target enrichment analysis reveals directly active miRNAs in health and disease. Nucleic Acids Res. 41:e452013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Medina PP and Slack FJ: microRNAs and cancer: An overview. Cell Cycle. 7:2485–2492. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
van Kouwenhove M, Kedde M and Agami R: MicroRNA regulation by RNA-binding proteins and its implications for cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 11:644–656. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Calin GA and Croce CM: MicroRNA signatures in human cancers. Nat Rev Cancer. 6:857–866. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Dalmay T: Mechanism of miRNA-mediated repression of mRNA translation. Essays Biochem. 54:29–38. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Park JK, Henry JC, Jiang J, Esau C, Gusev Y, Lerner MR, Postier RG, Brackett DJ and Schmittgen TD: miR-132 and miR-212 are increased in pancreatic cancer and target the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 406:518–523. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Scapoli L, Palmieri A, Lo Muzio L, Pezzetti F, Rubini C, Girardi A, Farinella F, Mazzotta M and Carinci F: MicroRNA expression profiling of oral carcinoma identifies new markers of tumor progression. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 23:1229–1234. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Schetter AJ, Leung SY, Sohn JJ, Zanetti KA, Bowman ED, Yanaihara N, Yuen ST, Chan TL, Kwong DL, Au GK, et al: MicroRNA expression profiles associated with prognosis and therapeutic outcome in colon adenocarcinoma. JAMA. 299:425–436. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Wada R, Akiyama Y, Hashimoto Y, Fukamachi H and Yuasa Y: miR-212 is downregulated and suppresses methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 in human gastric cancer. Int J Cancer. 127:1106–1114. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Incoronato M, Garofalo M, Urso L, Romano G, Quintavalle C, Zanca C, Iaboni M, Nuovo G, Croce CM and Condorelli G: miR-212 increases tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer by targeting the antiapoptotic protein PED. Cancer Res. 70:3638–3646. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Mehta A, Mann M, Zhao JL, Marinov GK, Majumdar D, Garcia-Flores Y, Du X, Erikci E, Chowdhury K and Baltimore D: The microRNA-212/132 cluster regulates B cell development by targeting Sox4. J Exp Med. 212:1679–1692. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Morgan R, Boxall A, Bhatt A, Bailey M, Hindley R, Langley S, Whitaker HC, Neal DE, Ismail M, Whitaker H, et al: Engrailed-2 (EN2): A tumor specific urinary biomarker for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 17:1090–1098. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bose SK, Bullard RS and Donald CD: Oncogenic role of engrailed-2 (en-2) in prostate cancer cell growth and survival. Transl Oncogenomics. 3:37–43. 2008.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Marszałł MP, Sroka W, Adamowski M, Słupski P, Jarzemski P, Siódmiak J and Odrowąż-Sypniewska G: Engrailed-2 protein as a potential urinary prostate cancer biomarker: A comparison study before and after digital rectal examination. Eur J Cancer Prev. 24:51–56. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R and Pandha H: EN2: A novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomarkers Med. 7:893–901. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
|
Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J, Rosso S, Coebergh JW, Comber H, Forman D and Bray F: Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer. 49:1374–1403. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bertoli G, Cava C and Castiglioni I: MicroRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and theranostics in prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 17:4212016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Kloosterman WP and Plasterk RH: The diverse functions of microRNAs in animal development and disease. Dev Cell. 11:441–450. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ha TY: MicroRNAs in human diseases: From cancer to cardiovascular disease. Immune Netw. 11:135–154. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Baranwal S and Alahari SK: miRNA control of tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Int J Cancer. 126:1283–1290. 2010.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhang C, Chen X, Chen X, Wang X, Ji A, Jiang L, Sang F and Li F: miR-135a acts as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer in part by targeting KIFC1. Onco Targets Ther. 9:3555–3563. 2016.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhao XY and Shao K: Roles of MicroRNA-21 in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetic mellitus-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 38:144–149. 2016.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Yu G, Zhan X, Zhang Z and Li Y: Overexpression of miR-125b promotes apoptosis of macrophages. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 32:958–962. 2016.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Han R, Ji X, Rong R, Li Y, Yao W, Yuan J, Wu Q, Yang J, Yan W, Han L, et al: miR-449a regulates autophagy to inhibit silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis through targeting Bcl2. J Mol Med (Berl). 94:1267–1279. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Bouyssou JM, Manier S, Huynh D, Issa S, Roccaro AM and Ghobrial IM: Regulation of microRNAs in cancer metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1845:255–265. 2014.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ma C, Nong K, Wu B, Dong B, Bai Y, Zhu H, Wang W, Huang X, Yuan Z and Ai K: miR-212 promotes pancreatic cancer cell growth and invasion by targeting the hedgehog signaling pathway receptor patched-1. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 33:542014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Tu H, Wei G, Cai Q, Chen X, Sun Z, Cheng C, Zhang L, Feng Y, Zhou H, Zhou B, et al: MicroRNA-212 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by targeting FOXA1. Onco Targets Ther. 8:2227–2235. 2015.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Ramalinga M, Roy A, Srivastava A, Bhattarai A, Harish V, Suy S, Collins S and Kumar D: MicroRNA-212 negatively regulates starvation induced autophagy in prostate cancer cells by inhibiting SIRT1 and is a modulator of angiogenesis and cellular senescence. Oncotarget. 6:34446–34457. 2015.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Borrego-Diaz E, Powers BC, Azizov V, Lovell S, Reyes R, Chapman B, Tawfik O, McGregor D, Diaz FJ, Wang X, et al: A potential regulatory loop between Lin28B:miR-212 in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Int J Oncol. 45:2421–2429. 2014.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Zhao JL, Zhang L, Guo X, Wang JH, Zhou W, Liu M, Li X and Tang H: miR-212/132 downregulates SMAD2 expression to suppress the G1/S phase transition of the cell cycle and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition in cervical cancer cells. IUBMB Life. 67:380–394. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Liu H, Li C, Shen C, Yin F, Wang K, Liu Y, Zheng B, Zhang W, Hou X, Chen X, et al: miR-212-3p inhibits glioblastoma cell proliferation by targeting SGK3. J Neurooncol. 122:431–439. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Killick E, Morgan R, Launchbury F, Bancroft E, Page E, Castro E, Kote-Jarai Z, Aprikian A, Blanco I, Clowes V, et al: Role of Engrailed-2 (EN2) as a prostate cancer detection biomarker in genetically high risk men. Sci Rep. 3:20592013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Lee S, Jo H, Her J, Lee HY and Ban C: Ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of engrailed-2 based on homeodomain-specific DNA probe recognition for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Biosens Bioelectron. 66:32–38. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Li Y, Liu H, Lai C, Su Z, Heng B and Gao S: Repression of engrailed 2 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of human bladder cancer in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep. 33:2319–2330. 2015.PubMed/NCBI | |
|
Abollo-Jiménez F, Campos-Sánchez E, Toboso-Navasa A, Vicente-Dueñas C, González-Herrero I, Alonso-Escudero E, González M, Segura V, Blanco O, Martínez-Climent JA, et al: Lineage-specific function of Engrailed-2 in the progression of chronic myelogenous leukemia to T-cell blast crisis. Cell Cycle. 13:1717–1726. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI |
